Drugs online research references
Infection. 1997 May-Jun;25(3):154-8.
Comparative effects of cefadroxil and phenoxymethylpenicillin on the normal oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora.
Adamsson I, Edlund C, Sjostedt S, Nord CE.
Dept. of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden.
The ecological effects on the commensal microflora in saliva and stool samples were studied during administration of two commonly used antibiotics: cefadroxil 500 mg b.i.d. for 10 days and phenoxymethylpenicillin 1 g b.i.d. for 10 days. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in the study. In the oropharyngeal microflora the aerobic microflora was significantly suppressed during administration of cefadroxil while no significant changes were noticed in the anaerobic microflora. Administration of phenoxymethylpenicillin caused a strong decrease in the number of viridans streptococci and an overgrowth of Neisseria cocci. The total numbers of anaerobic oropharyngeal microorganisms were suppressed during phenoxymethylpenicillin administration. In the intestinal microflora the variation in numbers of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms was minor in both groups. The microflora became normalised 2 weeks after withdrawal of the drugs. It was concluded that peroral administration of cefadroxil to healthy volunteers resulted in minor ecological disturbances in the oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora, which were in the same range as for phenoxymethylpenicillin.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9181382&dopt=Abstract
Scand J Infect Dis. 1997;29(3):245-9.
Viridans streptococcal bacteraemia due to penicillin-resistant and penicillin-sensitive streptococci: analysis of risk factors and outcome in 60 patients from a single cancer centre before and after penicillin is used for prophylaxis.
Spanik S, Trupl J, Kunova A, Botek R, Sorkovska D, Grey E, Studena M, Lacka J, Oravcova E, Krchnakova A, Rusnakova V, Svec J, Krupova I, Grausova S, Stopkova K, Koren P, Krcmery V Jr.
St. Elizabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
60 patients with 60 viridans streptococcal bacteraemic episodes (42 due to penicillin-sensitive and 18 due to penicillin-resistant viridans streptococci) were analysed in a population of 12,185 admissions and 1,380 bacteraemic episodes during a 7-year period in a National Cancer Institute. The incidence of viridans streptococci among bacteraemias decreased from 11.5% in 1989 to 2.5% in 1995 after penicillin was introduced for prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia in acute leukaemia in 1993. However, the proportion of penicillin-resistant viridans streptococcal bacteraemias increased from 0 in 1989 and 1990 before any prophylaxis was given, to 12.9-16.7% after quinolones were used for prophylaxis in 1991 and 1992, and to 44.4-81.8% in 1993-1995 after penicillin was added to the quinolones. Mortality rate was higher in the subgroup of penicillin-resistant viridans streptococcal bacteraemias (p < 0.05). Statistically significant risk factors in patients with penicillin-resistant (compared with penicillin-sensitive) viridans streptococcal bacteraemia were: acute leukaemia (p < 0.03), high doses of cytarabine (p < 0.05), mucocutaneous lesions (p < 0.004), breakthrough bacteraemia during prophylaxis with ofloxacine plus penicillin (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that only acute leukaemia (OR 2.05, CI 0.85-1.85, p < 0.00452) and penicillin-resistance (OR 0.71, CI 0.103-4.887, p < 0.0209) were significant independent predictors of inferior outcome. Breakthrough bacteraemia during empiric therapy with vancomycine occurred in 5 of 116 patients treated with vancomycine, and during therapy with ampicillin plus gentamicin in 6 patients of 18 treated.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9255883&dopt=Abstract
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1997 Jul;61(7):1150-5.
Effects of medium-chain fatty acids and their acylglycerols on the transport of penicillin V across Caco-2 cell monolayers.
Shima M, Yohdoh K, Yamaguchi M, Kimura Y, Adachi S, Matsuno R.
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan.
The transport-enhancing effects of medium-chain fatty acids (caproic, caprylic, and capric acids) and their acylglycerols (mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols) were investigated by using Caco-2 cell monolayers as a model of the human intestinal epithelium. Penicillin V was used as a model for a hydrophilic bioactive compound. Among the fatty acids and acylglycerols tested, 1,2-dicaproin, monocaprin, monocaprylin, and capric acid sodium salt effectively enhanced the transport rate, whereas other substances enhanced the rate only slightly or not at all. With each of these four substances, the rate of enhancement was proportional to the concentration at low concentrations, but leveled off at high concentrations. The transport-enhancing effects were well correlated with the reduction in surface tension and with a physico-chemical parameter, denoted by the surface energy-lowering coefficient, characterizing the surface activity of a substance.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9255979&dopt=Abstract
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