Drugs online research references
Neurochem Int. 1998 Feb;32(2):133-41.
Serotonergic projections to the retina of rat and goldfish.
Lima L, Urbina M.
Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Centro de Biofisica y Bioquimica, Caracas, Venezuela.
Serotonin amacrine cells have been described in the retina of vertebrates, except mouse and rat. Moreover, serotonin immunoreactive fibers have been reported in the optic nerve of rodents, frog and stingray. The purpose of this work was to study serotonin dorsal raphe nucleus projections to the retina, and to determine whether this pathway occurs in teleosts. The existence of specific connections was investigated in the rat and in the goldfish by the use of the neurotoxic substance 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine followed by monoamines determination in the retina by HPLC. The administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the central or the lateral area of the rat dorsal raphe nucleus decreased serotonin levels in the raphe area and in the hippocampus, but only the bilateral injection into the dorsal raphe nucleus decreased it in the retina. In the goldfish, the injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the optic tectum decreased serotonin concentration in situ and in the retina. The binding of [3H]paroxetine, a marker of serotonin transporter, was reduced in the retina of both species after the central treatment with the neurotoxic substance. In addition, the administration of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan into the optic tectum increased serotonin levels in the site of the injection and in the retina. The intraocular administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine produced a big decrease in the content of retinal serotonin. This indoleamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were detected in the optic nerves of rat and goldfish. The results indicate the existence of serotonergic retinopetal fibers in the rat and in the goldfish, a pathway that was not specifically demonstrated for the rat and was not previously proposed for the fish. The study of these serotonergic projections from the brain to the retina could be of interest in the understanding of the functional role of serotonin in the retina.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9542725&dopt=Abstract
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Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2000 Feb 7;119(2):251-7.
Age-associated changes in the densities of presynaptic monoamine transporters in different regions of the rat brain from early juvenile life to late adulthood.
Moll GH, Mehnert C, Wicker M, Bock N, Rothenberger A, Ruther E, Huether G.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Gottingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, D-37075, Gottingen, Germany.
The binding parameters of highly selective ligands of serotonin (5-HT) transporters ([3H]paroxetine), noradrenaline (NE) transporters ([3H]nisoxetine), and of dopamine (DA) transporters ([3H]GBR-12935) were determined on membrane preparations from frontal cortex, striatum, midbrain and brain stem of Wistar rats on postnatal days 25, 50, 90 and 240, i.e., from the time of weaning till late adulthood. No age-dependent alterations in the affinity-parameters (K(D)-values) of all three monoamine transporters were observed. Age-associated changes in B(max)-values of the binding of all three specific ligands were most pronounced in the phylogenetically younger, late maturing brain regions (frontal cortex, striatum). Most likely, these changes reflect age-related changes in 5-HT, NE and DA-innervation densities. In the frontal cortex, 5-HT-transporter density increased steadily from weaning (day 25) till late adulthood, whereas the density of NE-transporters was highest at weaning, declined till puberty (day 50) and remained at this level until old age. DA-transporter density in the frontal cortex was not reliably measurable by [3H]GBR-binding assays. In the striatum, DA-transporter density increased till puberty and declined thereafter considerably and steadily to about one-fourth of the pubertal values at old age. No such age-associated changes in DA-transporter density were seen in the midbrain. Densities of 5-HT and NE remained at the level reached already at weaning until old age in the striatum, midbrain and brain stem. These findings provide the first comprehensive description of the normally occurring changes in the densities of all three presynaptically located monoamine transporters in the rat brain throughout the life span from weaning to late adulthood.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10675775&dopt=Abstract
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Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1998 Apr;32(2):295-8.
Hyponatraemia associated with the use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.
Strachan J, Shepherd J.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Science, Auckland University, New Zealand.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the frequency and severity of hyponatraemia in a psychogeriatric inpatient population taking selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs). METHOD: Casenotes for 1 year were reviewed and 53 patients with 55 admissions were identified. Eighteen were treated with fluoxetine and 37 with paroxetine. Five (28%) of the patients on fluoxetine and eight (22%) on paroxetine were, or became, hyponatraemic. RESULTS: The SSRI was discontinued in two symptomatic patients. Serum sodium returned to normal in nine patients maintained on the SSRI. Two patients maintained on an SSRI remained hyponatraemic but asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Hyponatraemia may be a relatively common early asymptomatic side effect of SSRIs, especially in older women. Serum sodium should be measured before commencing an SSRI and monitored during the first month. Any patient who exhibits symptoms of hyponatraemia, or whose depression apparently worsens, while on an SSRI must have their serum sodium measured. Discontinuation of the SSRI may be avoidable if serum sodium levels can be closely monitored.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9588311&dopt=Abstract
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