The behavioral effects of sertraline, fluoxetine, and paroxetine differ on the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72-second operant schedule in the rat. Antidepressant pharmacotherapy: economic evaluation of fluoxetine, paroxetine and sertraline in a health maintenance organization. Serotonin transporters in the rat frontal cortex: lack of circadian rhythmicity but down-regulation by food restriction. Rx drugs

Drugs online research references

Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999 Nov;147(2):153-61.
The behavioral effects of sertraline, fluoxetine, and paroxetine differ on the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72-second operant schedule in the rat.

Sokolowski JD, Seiden LS.

Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Chicago, 947E. 58th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

RATIONALE: Recent evidence indicates that specific serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are not a clinically or experimentally homogeneous class of drugs. Because the differential- reinforcement-of-low-rates 72-second (DRL 72-s) operant schedule has been extensively used as a screen for antidepressant effects of drugs, different SSRIs were compared on the task to further examine their behavioral effects. OBJECTIVES: These experiments were designed with two main purposes in mind: first, to determine whether all three SSRIs tested would produce antidepressant-like effects on the DRL 72-s (as measured primarily by an increase in reinforcement rate) and, second, to identify differences between the drugs using peak-deviation analysis of inter-response times (IRTs). METHODS: Different groups of rats were injected with one of three SSRIs: fluoxetine, sertraline, or paroxetine. Following drug administration, rats were tested on the DRL 72-s operant schedule. RESULTS: All three SSRIs produced significant increases in reinforcement rate, but only sertraline and fluoxetine significantly decreased response rate. Additionally, paroxetine was observed to disrupt the pattern of responding as indicated by decreases in peak area (PkA). Sertraline and paroxetine, but not fluoxetine, produced increases in peak location (PkL). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that, although SSRIs are correctly identified as antidepressants by the DRL 72-s operant schedule, they may exert their effects in subtly different ways, as indicated by the differences observed to exist between the drugs. It appears unlikely that the behavioral effects of the SSRIs are attributable solely to 5-HT transporter binding. Instead, the differential behavioral effects may be the result of a combination of factors, including 5-HT transporter binding, 5-HT(1A) autoreceptor activation, and binding to other receptors.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10591882&dopt=Abstract

note: kwd match paxil online literature

J Int Med Res. 1995 Nov-Dec;23(6):395-412.
Antidepressant pharmacotherapy: economic evaluation of fluoxetine, paroxetine and sertraline in a health maintenance organization.

Sclar DA, Robison LM, Skaer TL, Galin RS, Legg RF, Nemec NL, Hughes TE, Buesching DP, Morgan M.

College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, USA.

The present study was designed to compare direct health service expenditures, for the treatment of depression, among patients enrolled in a health maintenance organization, and prescribed one of three selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, fluoxetine, paroxetine or sertraline. Information regarding depression-related health service use was derived from the computer archive of a network-model health maintenance organization system serving 700,000 beneficiaries. A total of 744 health maintenance organization beneficiaries were found to satisfy the study selection criteria. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the incremental influence of selected demographic, clinical, financial and provider characteristics on health service expenditures related to the treatment of depression (ICD-9-CM, or DSM-IV code 296.2) 1 year after the start of antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Multivariate findings indicate that treatment with paroxetine increases average expenditures for physician visits ($31.93; P < or = 0.05), psychiatric visits ($19.33; NS), laboratory tests ($2.35; P < or = 0.05), hospitalizations ($85.33; P < or = 0.05), psychiatric hospitalizations ($82.01; P < or = 0.05), and antidepressant pharmacotherapy ($63.72; P < or = 0.05), for a total per capita increase in health service use of $284.68 (P < or = 0.05), compared with treatment with fluoxetine. Sertraline treatment increases average expenditures for physician visits ($21.74; P < or = 0.05), psychiatric visits ($56.79; P < or = 0.05), laboratory tests ($1.21; P < or = 0.05), hospitalizations ($70.59; P < or = 0.05), psychiatric hospitalizations ($95.75; P < or = 0.05), and antidepressant pharmacotherapy ($69.85; P < or = 0.05), for a total per capita increase in health service use of $315.96 (P < or = 0.05), compared with treatment with fluoxetine. Economic comparisons between paroxetine and sertraline did not demonstrate any significant differences in expenditures for the health services examined.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8746607&dopt=Abstract

note: kwd match paxil online literature

J Neurochem. 1996 Aug;67(2):656-61.
Serotonin transporters in the rat frontal cortex: lack of circadian rhythmicity but down-regulation by food restriction.

Zhou D, Huether G, Wiltfang J, Hajak G, Ruther E.

Department of Psychiatry, University of Gottingen, Germany.

Molecular biological findings have indicated that the affinity and the density of presynaptic serotonin transporters may be subject to adaptive regulation, but the physiological conditions that may act to trigger such changes are presently unknown. By means of [3H]paroxetine binding to rat cortical membranes, we studied the influence of two physiological variables that are clearly associated with altered serotonergic activity--circadian rhythm and semistarvation--on K(D)and Bmax values of the serotonin transporter of the rat frontal cortex. No circadian fluctuations of both parameters were observed. Also, semistarvation (50% reduction of normal voluntary food intake) for 2 days had no effect on either K(D) or Bmax values of cortical [3H]paroxetine binding. Food restriction for either 7 days or 2 weeks, however, resulted in a significant, approximately 30%, reduction of the density of cortical serotonin transporters with unchanged transporter affinity. These findings indicate that long-term changes in the density of cortical serotonin transporters can be induced by long-lasting alterations of certain environmental variables. Because the duration and the radius of action of presynaptically released serotonin are governed by the efficiency of the reuptake mechanism, such adaptive changes of serotonin transporter density must be expected to cause long-term alterations of the modulatory impact of the central serotonin system on certain brain functions.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8764592&dopt=Abstract

note: kwd match paxil online literature

Herbs and Pharmaceuticals Online || Hair Million herbal formula for hair loss and hair growth || Antibiotics and prescription medications online literature ||