Drugs online research references
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Apr;39(4):369-71.
Amitriptyline metabolism: association with debrisoquin hydroxylation in nonsmokers.
Mellstrom B, Sawe J, Bertilsson L, Sjoqvist F.
Eleven healthy nonsmokers with wide variation in the ability to hydroxylate debrisoquin (D) were given single oral doses of amitriptyline and nortriptyline on different occasions. The urinary D/4-hydroxy-D ratio correlated significantly (P less than 0.01) with all three parameters of amitriptyline disposition measured (total plasma clearance, clearance by demethylation, and clearance by pathways other than demethylation), with rs = -0.89, -0.78, and -0.83, respectively. In contrast, we failed to demonstrate such correlations in a previous sample of smokers. Our data suggest that there may be a common regulation of the hydroxylation of D and the oxidative metabolism of amitriptyline in nonsmokers. It is hypothesized that an additional demethylase/hydroxylase is induced in smokers that is not involved in D hydroxylation.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3956053&dopt=Abstract
Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Nov;151(11):1687-90.
Hopelessness in suicide attempters after acute treatment of major depression in late life.
Rifai AH, George CJ, Stack JA, Mann JJ, Reynolds CF 3rd.
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA.
The relation between hopelessness and suicide attempts in the elderly was examined by studying the course of hopelessness in depressed patients. Sixty-three elderly patients with recurrent major depression were treated with nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy and underwent serial ratings of hopelessness and depression during the acute and continuation phases of treatment. Patients who had made a suicide attempt in the past had significantly higher hopelessness scores than nonattempters during both phases of treatment. They were also more likely to drop out of treatment. A high degree of hopelessness persisting after remission of depression in elderly patients appears to be associated with a history of suicidal behavior. It may also increase the likelihood of premature discontinuation of treatment and lead to future suicide attempts or suicide.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7943461&dopt=Abstract
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1986;89(2):171-4.
Clonidine--induced behavioural despair in mice: reversal by antidepressants.
Parale MP, Kulkarni SK.
The effects of various alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists on forced swimming-induced despair behaviour were studied in mice. Clonidine, B-HT 920 and guanfacine significantly prolonged the total immobility duration. Clonidine-induced behavioural despair was antagonized by prior treatment with yohimbine. The tricyclic antidepressants imipramine, desipramine, trimipramine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline and doxepin, the MAO inhibitor tranylcypromine, and the antimanic agent lithium reversed clonidine-induced behavioural despair. Chronic treatment with imipramine evoked more pronounced reversal as compared to acute treatment. Amphetamine, a psychostimulant, inhibited clonidine-induced enhancement of immobility duration but diazepam, a skeletal muscle relaxant was without any effect. On the other hand, adenosine showed potentiation of the submaximal response of clonidine. These observations suggest that clonidine-induced behavioural despair is probably mediated through its presynaptic action on alpha 2 adrenoceptors, resulting in reduced central noradrenergic outflow. The present data proposes a simple test system to induce depression-like syndrome in animals, sensitive to antidepressant therapy.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3088633&dopt=Abstract
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