Drugs online research references
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1989 Jun;339(6):660-8.
Influence of cooling on the responsiveness of rat isolated anococcygeus muscle to noradrenaline.
Ishii T, Machida N, Shimo Y.
Department of Pharmacology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.
The isolated anococcygeus muscle of the rat was used to study the effect of temperature on noradrenaline-induced contraction. The preparation was suspended in an organ bath containing Krebs bicarbonate solution for isometric tension recording. A decrease of the bath temperature from 37 degrees C to 20 degrees C (cooling) produced an increase in tissue sensitivity to noradrenaline, as reflected in a 5.37-fold leftward shift in the concentration-response curve, and increased the maximum contractile response to this agonist (14.3%). Cooling had no effect on tissue sensitivity to a selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist, methoxamine, but increased (12.4%) the maximum contraction to a similar extent to that to noradrenaline. 6-Hydroxydopamine pretreatment or nortriptyline (1 mumol/l) induced a leftward shift of the noradrenaline concentration-response curve at 37 degrees C, and profoundly inhibited the potentiating effect of cooling on tissue sensitivity to the catecholamine; the effect of cooling on the maximum response was unaffected. The affinity of noradrenaline or methoxamine for alpha 1-adrenoceptors at 37 degrees C, determined from its dissociation constant (KA), was not significantly different from that at 20 degrees C. KA values were determined by use of irreversible antagonism with phenoxybenzamine. On the other hand, diltiazem at concentration of 3 mumol/l, which almost completely abolished the calcium ion-induced contraction of the potassium ion-depolarized muscle, caused only slight inhibition in the concentration-response curve for noradrenaline. The contractile responses to Ca2+ of the K+-depolarized muscle and of the tissue incubated in Ca2+ -free (EGTA 0.1 mmol/l) Krebs solution containing diltiazem and noradrenaline were both depressed by cooling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2570367&dopt=Abstract
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1984 Apr;35(4):467-73.
Amitriptyline metabolism in relation to antidepressive effect.
Edelbroek PM, Zitman FG, Schreuder JN, Rooymans HG, de Wolff FA.
The relationship between amitriptyline (AT) metabolism and clinical response was studied in 14 outpatients treated with a daily dose of 150 mg AT. Riboflavin was added to the medication to check compliance. On days 0, 2, and 7 and at 3, 6, 9, and 13 wk after onset of therapy, blood samples were drawn from the patients 3 (+/- 0.5) hr after the first morning dose and a sample of the first morning urine was taken to check riboflavin. Serum levels of AT and its metabolites, nortriptyline (NT), E- and Z-10-hydroxynortriptyline (E- and Z-10-OH-NT), total (E + Z) 10-hydroxyamitriptyline (tot-10-OH-AT), and desmethylnortriptyline (DNT), were measured by means of HPLC while minimizing adsorption onto glass. On day 0 and after 6 and 13 wk the severity of the depressive disorder was scored by means of the self-rating depression scale of Zung.28 Mean steady-state concentrations of AT, NT, and E-10-OH-NT were in the order of 100 micrograms/l and tot-10-OH-AT and Z-10-OH-NT approximated 20 micrograms/l. DNT concentrations were under 15 micrograms/l. There was great variation in metabolic pattern between patients. After 6 wk concentrations of all compounds were approximately 15% lower than at 3 wk, indicating a weak autoinducible effect of AT or its metabolites. Steady-state concentrations of AT correlated well with that of NT (r = 0.64; P less than 0.05) but not with that of E-10-OH-NT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6705444&dopt=Abstract
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1992 Oct-Dec;5(4):228-32.
Pattern of use of antidepressants in long-term care facilities for the elderly.
Conn DK, Goldman Z.
Department of Psychiatry, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Despite some evidence that neuroleptic medication is overused or misused in long-term care facilities for the elderly, there has been virtually no attention paid to the pattern of use of antidepressants in these facilities. All patients in long-term care in a geriatric hospital and a home for the aged who were receiving antidepressants were identified; 10.5% of the patients in the hospital and 12.7% in the home for the aged were receiving an antidepressant. The rate of use of antidepressants on the different units ranged from 0% to 26.8%. The most commonly prescribed antidepressant was doxepin followed by nortriptyline. The mean dose of antidepressant was 34.8 mg. Although depression was the most common reason for the prescription of an antidepressant (69% of patients receiving one), other reasons included pain, agitation, aggression, and insomnia. Patients had been receiving antidepressants for up to 10 years, with a mean duration of 32 months. The majority of patients (60%) had a history of depression predating their institutional admission. Patients receiving antidepressants were compared to a group not receiving antidepressants, who were matched for age, sex, unit, and attending physician. Patients receiving antidepressants were more likely to have a history of stroke (33.8% versus 16.9%). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the prevalence of dementia, Parkinson's disease, thyroid disease, malignant tumor, congestive heart failure, or diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies are required to determine the efficacy of antidepressants in this population and to identify factors that can predict a positive response to treatment.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1418368&dopt=Abstract
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