Drugs online research references
Jpn J Antibiot. 2000 Apr;53(4):201-33.
[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (1998). I. Susceptibility distribution]
[Article in Japanese]
Kumamoto Y, Tsukamoto T, Hirose T, Matsukawa M, Kunishima Y, Ogiwara M, Ishibashi K, Shigeta S, Watanabe J, Yoshida H, Imafuku Y, Yamaguchi K, Matsumoto T, Kashitani F, Murai M, Ooe H, Nishikawa M, Watanabe K, Kobayashi Y, Uchida H, Oka T, Takano Y, Miyagawa Y, Matsuda S, Sato S, Furuhama T, Fujime M, Fujita K, Kohno S, Igari J, Miyazaki Y, Izumikawa K, Yamaguchi T, Mochida C, Oguri T.
Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine.
The frequencies of bacterial isolation and susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents were investigated on 538 bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 9 hospitals during the period of June 1998 to May 1999. Of the above bacterial isolates, Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 30.3% and Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 69.7%. Susceptibilities of several isolated bacteria to antimicrobial agents were as follows; against Enterococcus faecalis isolated from patients with UTIs, vancomycin (VCM), ampicillin (ABPC) and imipenem (IPM) had strong activities. Among E. faecalis strains, those with low susceptibilities to all drugs have increased in 1998, compared with those in 1997. VCM showed the highest activity against MRSA isolated from patients with UTIs. The MICs of VCM for all 34 strains were equal to or lower than 2 micrograms/ml. Arbekacin (ABK) was also active against MRSA with the MIC90s of 2 micrograms/ml. Against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, all drugs except penicillins were active. Particularly, meropenem (MEPM) showed the highest activity with the MICs of 0.125 micrograms/ml or below. Almost all the drugs except minocycline (MINO) showed high activities against Proteus mirabilis. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, all drugs were not so active, with the MIC90s of 16 micrograms/ml or above. MEPM, IPM and gentamicin (GM) showed high activities against Serratia marcescens. Generally, it seemed that resistant strains of S. marcescens had decreased since 1996.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10868300&dopt=Abstract
J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994 Sep;34(3):331-41.
In-vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation.
Ichimiya T, Yamasaki T, Nasu M.
Second Department of Internal Medicine, Oita Medical University, Japan.
The in-vitro effects of ten antimicrobial agents on the biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated. The production of alginic acid by mucoid P. aeruginosa cells cultured in agar media with sub-MICs of antimicrobial agents was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Alginic acid production was inhibited by 1/4 MIC of minocycline (P < 0.002) and tobramycin (P < 0.02), and by 1/256-1/1/64 MIC of macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and rokitamycin) and clindamycin (P < 0.02), compared with drug-free controls. Piperacillin, ceftazidime, and ofloxacin did not inhibit alginic acid production. The production of exopolysaccharide by non-mucoid P. aeruginosa cells grown on silicone plates in sub-MICs of antimicrobial agents was determined by quantitative tryptophan assay. Exopolysaccharide production was inhibited by 1/16 MIC of macrolides and clindamycin, but not by other antimicrobial agents. Electron microscopy showed that biofilm formation by mucoid and non-mucoid type P. aeruginosa strains was inhibited by sub-MICs of erythromycin and correlated with the in-vitro production of alginic acid and exopolysaccharide. These results suggest that sub-MICs of macrolides and clindamycin suppress biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa and that intractable chronic respiratory tract infections due to P. aeruginosa might be prevented.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7829408&dopt=Abstract
Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1994 Nov;68(11):1338-51.
[An epidemiological study of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Japan]
[Article in Japanese]
Konno M, Yoshida S, Inoue M, Shimizu Y, Akizawa K, Uehara N, Takahashi S, Fujita K, Saito Y, Takahashi T, et al.
Teikyo University, School of Medicine.
In order to investigate penicillin resistance (Pcr) in Streptococcus pneumoniae from clinical sources in Japan, a total 1,127 strains of S. pneumoniae was collected at random from 36 institutions participating to "Working group for Pcr S. pneumoniae" around the country in 1993-1994. These strains were isolated more frequently from sputum (38.2%), throat (31.4%), nasal discharge (16.4%), and otorrhea (5.7%). A small number of isolates from blood (19 strains; 1.8%), cerebrospinal fluid (11 strains; 1.0%), and pleural fluid (2 strains; 0.2%) were included respectively. Patients from whom S. pneumoniae was isolated have mostly been associated with children < or = 12 years of age and adults 60 < or = years olds. These isolates were tested for susceptibility to penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin, cefixime, cefdinir, imipenem, panipenem, erythromycin, clindamycin, minocycline, and vancomycin by an agar dilution method using Mueller Hinton agar supplemented with 10% sheep blood. Strains with the MICs > or = 0.125 micrograms/ml for penicillin G were defined as a Pc resistance. Of the 1,127 strains, 471 strains (41.8%) were identified as a Pc resistance. Pcr S. pneumoniae were almost resistant to other beta-lactams, including ampicillin, oxacillin, ceftizoxime, cefixime, cefdinir. Although, the MICs of imipenem and panipenem ragned from 0.004-2.0 micrograms/ml with 2 peaks distributions, these antibiotics inhibited the growth of most of Pcr S. pneumoniae at the lowest concentrations of < or = 0.5 microgram/ml. Only vancomycin resistant strain was not detected in these isolates. Most of the Pcr strains were simultaneously resistant to macrolides and minocycline. Further more, isolation frequencies of Pcr S. pneumoniae in west Japan, were relatively high compared with those of east Japan.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7829902&dopt=Abstract
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