Drugs online research references
J Hypertens. 1997 Dec;15(12 Pt 1):1463-9.
Role of sympathetic nerves for the stimulation of the renin system by angiotensin II receptor blockade.
Wagner C, Kees F, Kramer BK, Kurtz A.
Institut fur Physiologie, Universitat Regensburg, Germany.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relevance of sympathetic nerves for the stimulation of renin secretion and renin gene expression during effective angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade in vivo. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with the angiotensin II type 1-receptor blocker losartan (40 mg/kg) for 3 days. To examine the role of renal sympathetic nerves in the stimulation of the renin system by losartan, left kidneys were denervated 4 days prior to the treatment with losartan. Also, to examine the role of circulating catecholamines in the stimulation of the renin system by losartan, the animals were administered a combination treatment of losartan with the beta1-adrenoreceptor blocker metoprolol (50 mg/kg per day) for 3 days. RESULTS: Losartan treatment increased plasma renin activity about sevenfold and renal renin messenger RNA (mRNA) levels about fivefold and decreased systolic blood pressure from 118 to 95 mmHg. Administration of losartan elevated renin mRNA both in the innervated and in the denervated kidneys to the same level as it did in kidneys of normal animals. Losartan treatment increased plasma renin activity and renal renin mRNA levels in the beta1-blocker-treated rats to the same extent as it did in animals administered losartan only. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that, under sub-chronic treatment with hypotensive doses of angiotensin II receptor blockers, sympathetic outflow plays no important mediator role in the characteristic stimulation of renin secretion and renin gene expression, suggesting that it is mainly a direct disinhibition of angiotensin II's action on the level of juxtaglomerular cells that accounts for the effect.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9431853&dopt=Abstract
Clin Ther. 1993 Jul-Aug;15(4):715-25; discussion 714.
Effect of pharmaceutical formulation for antihypertensive therapy on health service utilization.
Skaer TL, Sclar DA, Robison LM, Chin A, Gill MA, Okamoto MP, Nakahiro RK.
College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman.
A significant factor in the management of hypertension is the extent to which patients comply with the treatment regimen. A retrospective analysis was undertaken to determine the relationship between antihypertensive formulation, regimen compliance, and the utilization of health care services. Data for this analysis were derived from the state of South Carolina's Medicaid computer archive. The study population consisted of 1000 randomly selected patients initially prescribed one of the following antihypertensive regimens as monotherapy: atenolol once daily, captopril BID, oral clonidine BID, transdermal clonidine once weekly, diltiazem BID, enalapril BID, metoprolol BID, prazosin BID, terazosin once daily, and sustained-release verapamil once daily. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the incremental influence of selected demographic characteristics, use of medical services before diagnosis of hypertension, initial antihypertensive medication, medication possession ratio for antihypertensive therapy, and number of maintenance medications for diseases other than hypertension on post-period health care expenditures. The results indicated that patients initially prescribed antihypertensive medication requiring once-daily or once-weekly administration experienced an increased utilization of antihypertensive medication, needed fewer changes in their therapeutic regimen, and far less need for concomitant therapy for blood pressure control compared with those prescribed a BID regimen. Patients in the once-daily or once-weekly groups also used significantly fewer physician, hospital, and laboratory services (P < or = 0.05).
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8221822&dopt=Abstract
Int Surg. 1990 Jul-Sep;75(3):179-83.
The role of selective beta 1-blocker in the preoperative preparation of thyrotoxicosis: a comparative study with propranolol.
Vickers P, Garg KM, Arya R, Godha U, Mathur P, Jain S.
Department of Surgery, S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur, India.
Subtotal thyroidectomy was performed for hyperthyroidism on 130 patients; 95 treated before surgery with propranolol (Group I) and 35 given only metoprolol before surgery (Group II). These patient groups were compared with reference to preoperative medication, operative and immediate postoperative course, and late results with follow-up for one to five years. Clinical response was 100% in group II and 94.7% in group I. The median length of preoperative treatment was 7.96 +/- 1.84 days in group I and 6.25 +/- 1.73 days in group II (P less than 0.05). There were no serious adverse effects of the drugs in either treatment group. No anaesthesiologic or cardiovascular complication occurred during operation in either group. Ten patients in group I (10.5%) and six patients in group II (11.4%) observed hyperthyroid manifestations in the immediate postoperative period, eliminated by the administration of the propranolol/metoprolol, and no case of thyroid storm occurred. One patient in group II developed clinical hypocalcaemia. Two patients, one in each group, presented temporary unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. There were two recurrences of toxicity in group I (2.1%) and none in group II. Hypothyroidism occurred in 3 patients (2.3%) two of them were from group I and one was from group II. The postoperative hospital stay was 4.62 +/- 1.61 days in group I and 2.81 +/- 1.32 days in group II (P less than 0.05). One patient from group I died on the third postoperative day due to pulmonary oedema. The results suggest that metoprolol can be safely used and offers the advantages of desired clinical response, shorter preoperative preparation time, simplicity of dosage and shorter postoperative hospital stay in comparison to propranolol for preoperative treatment of hyperthyroidism.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2242971&dopt=Abstract
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