Drugs online research references
farm.unipi.it
Oral absorption of the antihyperglycaemic agent metformin (MF x HCl) is confined to the upper part of the intestine, therefore controlled-release oral formulations of this drug should ensure a complete release during transit from stomach to jejunum. Compressed matrix tablets based on pH-sensitive poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-Eudragit L100 (EUD L) compounds have shown in vitro a compliance with the above requirement. The polymer compounds were prepared by a coevaporation process. The release pattern of MF x HCl from matrices depended on the PEO-EUD L ratio in the coevaporate. The 1:1 (w/w) ratio was unable to control MF x HCl release in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2), because the matrix material was excessively hydrophilic. Nevertheless, the release rate in SGF could be modulated by increasing the EUD L fraction in the coevaporate. With a PEO (M(w), 400 kDa)-EUD L (1:2, w/w) ratio the percent dose released in 2 h to SGF, where the coevaporate was insoluble, was around 23 or 50% with 10 or 20% loading dose. The release was then completed within the successive 2 h of elution with simulated jejunal fluid (SJF, pH 6.8) where EUD L and the coevaporate gradually dissolved. Release in SGF was controlled by matrix swelling and/or drug diffusion in matrix, whereas matrix dissolution controlled release in SJF. The unique release-controlling properties of the polymer compounds were due to PEO-EUD L macromolecular interactions. Matrices show promise of a gradual and complete release of MF x HCl from stomach to jejunum, unaffected by gastric pH fluctuations. This mode of administration might allow the use of lower therapeutic doses compared to existing immediate- or sustained-release products, thus minimising side effects.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11943392&dopt=Abstract
Endocr Pract. 2000 Jan-Feb;6(1):20-5.
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary treatment with troglitazone in type 2 diabetes mellitus in an outpatient clinical practice.
Hershon KS, Hershon PM.
North Shore Diabetes and Endocrine Associates, New Hyde Park, New York, USA.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of troglitazone in various combinations of therapy with sulfonylureas, biguanides, and insulin, including triple oral agent therapy with and without insulin, in an outpatient clinical practice. METHODS: We compiled results in our first 207 patients with type 2 diabetes treated for 1 year with troglitazone. In eight study groups, troglitazone was added to the following prior regimens: (1) diet alone, (2) sulfonylurea, (3) metformin, (4) sulfonylurea and metformin, (5) insulin, (6) insulin and sulfonylurea, (7) insulin and metformin, and (8) insulin, sulfonylurea, and metformin. Glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin, weight, and insulin dose were recorded every 3 months for 1 year and are reported. RESULTS: The glycosylated hemoglobin decreased in all study groups during the 1-year period. With the addition of troglitazone, it declined from 8.0% to 6.0% in the diet-only treatment group, from 8.9% to 7.3% in the sulfonylurea group, from 8.4% to 7.2% in the metformin group, and from 8.6% to 7.5% in the group treated with sulfonylurea and metformin. For the groups receiving insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin decreased in conjunction with a significant decline in insulin dose. The dose of insulin was reduced from a baseline of 62 to 41 U per patient in the insulin-only treatment group, from 36 to 12 U per patient in the group treated with insulin and sulfonylurea, and from 28 to 11 U per patient in the group treated with insulin and metformin. In the group treated with insulin, sulfonylurea, and metformin, the dose of insulin was decreased from 36 to 13 U. CONCLUSION: From our data in more than 200 patients with type 2 diabetes, who participated in a 1-year follow-up in an outpatient clinical practice, we found that troglitazone improved glycemic control in each study group and also decreased the insulin dose in the insulin-requiring patients. Troglitazone improves glycemic control as a primary, secondary, tertiary, or even quaternary therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11419922&dopt=Abstract
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;283(2):E367-73.
Low-dose dexamethasone in the rat: a model to study insulin resistance.
Severino C, Brizzi P, Solinas A, Secchi G, Maioli M, Tonolo G.
Servizio Diabetologia, Dipartimento Struttura Clinica Medica e Patologia Speciale Medica, Universita' di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
The main aim of this study was to set up a new animal model to study insulin resistance. Wistar rats (6 or 7 per group) received the following for 4 wk in experiment 1: 1) vehicle, 2) 2 microg/day subcutaneous dexamethasone, 3) metformin (400 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) os), and 4) dexamethasone plus metformin. In experiment 2 the rats received the following: 1) vehicle, 2) dexamethasone, 3) dexamethasone plus arginine (2%; as substrate of the nitric oxide synthase for nitric oxide production) in tap water, and 4) dexamethasone plus isosorbide dinitrate (70 mg/kg; as direct nitric oxide donor) in tap water. Insulin sensitivity was significantly reduced by dexamethasone already at week 1, before the increase in blood pressure (day 15) and without significant changes in body weight compared with vehicle. Dexamethasone-treated rats had significantly higher triglycerides, hematocrit, and insulin, whereas serum total nitrates/ nitrites were lower compared with vehicle. The concomitant treatment with metformin minimized all the described effects of dexamethasone. In experiment 2, only isosorbide dinitrate was able to prevent the observed dexamethasone-induced metabolic, hemodynamic, and insulin sensitivity changes. Chronic low-dose subcutaneous dexamethasone (2 microg/day) is a useful model to study the relationships between insulin resistance and blood pressure in the rat, and dexamethasone might decrease insulin sensitivity and increase blood pressure through an endothelium-mediated mechanism.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12110544&dopt=Abstract
online pharmacies ||
Hair Million herbal formula for hair loss and hair growth ||
Amoxicillin ||
Tramadol ||
Paxil ||
Rx Drugs USA, Prescription Drugs Online Pharmacy ||
Zithromax ||
online pharmacy ||
Antibiotics and prescription medications online literature ||
Antibiotics