Drugs online research references
Diabet Med. 1995 May;12(5):401-8.
Energy expenditure in type 2 diabetic patients on metformin and sulphonylurea therapy.
Chong PK, Jung RT, Rennie MJ, Scrimgeour CM.
Department of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland.
Insulin and sulphonylurea therapies have both been reported to cause weight gain in Type 2 diabetic patients whereas metformin does not have this adverse effect. The mechanism for this difference is unclear. We have investigated in a cross-over study the effect of sulphonylurea and metformin therapy on energy expenditure and body composition in 10 Type 2 diabetic patients (7 females, 3 males) of various weights (mean body mass index 33.4 (SD 7.6 kg m-2)). Free living total energy expenditure was measured over 14 days by the doubly labelled water method adjusted for urinary glucose energy losses and resting energy expenditure by ventilated hood indirect calorimetry. Overall, total energy expenditure (12.88 +/- 4.17 vs 13.1 +/- 3.69 MJ 24 h-1) and resting metabolic rate (7.30 +/- 1.75 vs 7.23 +/- 1.74 MJ 24 h-1) were similar on metformin and sulphonylurea therapy, respectively. When adjusted for differences in fat free mass, resting metabolic rate on sulphonylurea therapy was slightly but significantly lower (mean difference -5.5 kJ 24 h-1 kg-1, 95% CI -1.2, -9.9 kJ 24 h-1 kg-1, p < 0.05). Fat free mass also increased significantly by 1.3 kg (95% CI 0.4, 2.4 kg, p < 0.05) when on sulphonylurea therapy, thus compensating for the lower resting metabolic rate per kg fat free mass to leave overall resting metabolic rate unchanged compared to metformin therapy. We also investigated the effect of adding metformin to six Type 2 diabetic patients already on insulin. This did not lead to any measurable changes in any of the components of energy expenditure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7648802&dopt=Abstract
J Endocrinol. 1994 Aug;142(2):245-50.
Internalization of metformin is necessary for its action on potentiating the insulin-induced Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation.
Khan NA, Wiernsperger N, Quemener V, Moulinoux JP.
Unite Fonctionnelle de Biologie Cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Universite de Rennes I, France.
In this study, metformin (N, N1 dimethylbiguanide) was found to potentiate insulin-induced Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation, a phenomenon of transition from late G2 to M phase of the cell cycle. These cells also accumulated exogenous metformin (130 +/- 6.5 nmol/oocyte). Metformin covalently-coupled to Sepharose 4B beads failed to potentiate the insulin-induced oocyte maturation which suggests that these cells did not take up metformin from the extracellular medium. Addition of metformin alone to Xenopus laevis oocytes did not induce the maturation process, though these cells took up exogenous metformin. Micro-injection of metformin (120 nmol/oocyte) to oocytes accelerated the insulin-induced maturation, but it was lower than in cells which were incubated with free metformin together with insulin. Interestingly, insulin had no effect on metformin uptake by the oocytes. Methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone), MGBG, an apparent analogue of metformin, induced oocyte maturation. Addition of metformin, either free or Sepharose-bound, did not influence the MGBG-induced 60% maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes. These results suggest that the internalization of metformin is necessary for its action and its effects are specific on insulin activity.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7930997&dopt=Abstract
Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1994;29(5):387-9.
[An animal model for testing hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic drugs]
[Article in Chinese]
Liu J, Shen ZF, Liu HF, Ye F, Xie MZ.
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing.
A new animal model of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia was established by treating normal Kunming mice with alloxan (iv). After different time intervals, the levels of blood glucose (BG) and serum triglyceride (TG) were determined. Forty-eight h after alloxan administration, the BG increased significantly, and the level of serum triglyceride reached maximum. The levels of blood glucose, serum triglyceride, cholesterol (CHOL) and free fatty acid (FFA) for vehicle treated mice were about 3.1, 4.0, 1.1, and 1.7 times those of normal Kunming mice, respectively. To evaluate the new animal model, four drugs were used. Two of them were antihyperglycemic drugs, metformin and a Recipe of Chinese Herbs (RCH). The other two were antihyperlipidemic agents, clofibrate and fenofibrate. All drugs showed positive effects on this kind of alloxan-diabetic Kunming mice. It can be concluded that this kind of alloxan-treated Kunming mice is useful for testing hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic drugs.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7976355&dopt=Abstract
online pharmacies ||
Hair Million herbal formula for hair loss and hair growth ||
Amoxicillin ||
Tramadol ||
Paxil ||
Rx Drugs USA, Prescription Drugs Online Pharmacy ||
Zithromax ||
online pharmacy ||
Antibiotics and prescription medications online literature ||
Antibiotics