Drugs online research references
Am J Med. 2004 Feb 15;116(4):230-5.
Addition of pioglitazone or bedtime insulin to maximal doses of sulfonylurea and metformin in type 2 diabetes patients with poor glucose control: a prospective, randomized trial.
Aljabri K, Kozak SE, Thompson DM.
Division of Endocrinology, Vancouver Hospital, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of adding pioglitazone or bedtime isophane (NPH) insulin to maximal doses of metformin and an insulin secretagogue in patients with poor glucose control. METHODS: We conducted a nonblinded, open-label, randomized controlled trial involving 62 patients with type 2 diabetes and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels >8.0%. Patients received either pioglitazone or bedtime NPH insulin in addition to their usual diabetes medication for 16 weeks. Outcome measurements of glycemic control, hypoglycemia, blood pressure, lipid levels, microalbuminuria, and quality of life were assessed at baseline and at 16 weeks. RESULTS: HbA1C levels were lowered to a similar degree in each treatment arm (pioglitazone: -1.9% +/- 1.5%; insulin: -2.3% +/- 1.5%; P = 0.32), but hypoglycemia was less common among patients who received pioglitazone than those who received insulin (37% [11/30] vs. 68% [19/28], P=0.02). Pioglitazone, but not insulin, resulted in an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Both treatments had similar effects on weight, other lipid values, blood pressure, and urine microalbumin levels. CONCLUSION: Adding pioglitazone or bedtime insulin for 16 weeks improved glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients with secondary oral agent failure. Pioglitazone was associated with less hypoglycemia and improved HDL cholesterol levels.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14969650&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]
J Chromatogr A. 2004 Feb 20;1027(1-2):155-60.
Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for the screening of antihyperglycemic biguanides.
Feng SY, Lai EP, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Sadeghi S.
Department of Chemistry, Ottawa-Carleton Chemistry Institute, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada.
A new molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was specifically synthesized as a smart material for the recognition of metformin hydrochloride in solid-phase extraction. Particles of this MIP were packed into a stainless-steel tubing (50 mm x 0.8 mm i.d.) equipped with an exit frit. This micro-column was employed in the development of a molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) method for metformin determination. The MISPE instrumentation consisted of a micrometer pump, an injector valve equipped with a 20-microl sample loop, a UV detector, and an integrator. With CH3CN as the mobile phase flowing at 0.5 ml/min, 95 +/- 2% binding could be achieved for 1200 ng of metformin from one injection of a phosphate-buffered sample solution (pH 2.5). Methanol + 3% trifluoroacetic acid was good for quantitative pulsed elution (PE) of the bound metformin. The MISPE-PE method, with UV detection at 240 nm, afforded a detection limit of 16 ng (or 0.8 microg/ml) for metformin. However, the micro-column interacted indiscriminately with phenformin with a 49 +/- 2% binding. A systematic investigation of binding selectivity was conducted with respect to sample composition (including the solvent, matrix, pH, buffer and surfactant effects). An intermediate step of differential pulsed elution used acetonitrile with 5% picric acid to remove phenformin and other structural analogues. A final pulsed elution of metformin for direct UV detection was achieved using 3% trifluoroacetic acid in methanol.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14971497&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]
J Biochem Mol Biol Biophys. 2002 Dec;6(6):379-85.
Metformin attenuates blood lipid peroxidation and potentiates antioxidant defense in high fructose-fed rats.
Srividhya S, Ravichandran MK, Anuradha CV.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
The implication of oxidative stress in the pathology of insulin resistance has been shown recently. We investigated the effect of an insulin sensitizer, metformin, on the plasma lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in the erythrocytes of high fructose fed rats which form an animal model of insulin resistance. The experimental animals were divided into two batches of 12 animals each. The control batch received the control diet, containing starch; the fructose group was given the high fructose diet. At the end of second week these were subdivided into two groups; one was given metformin (50 mg/kg/day in water) by gastric intubation and other group was left untreated. The rats were continued on the same dietary regimen for the next two weeks. Fructose-fed rats showed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia at the end of four weeks. Enhanced plasma lipid peroxidation and inadequate cellular antioxidant defense system were observed in them. Administration of metformin was associated with significant normalization of circulating insulin, glucose and triglyceride concentrations. The abnormal triglyceride distribution in the lipoprotein fractions was also ameliorated by metformin therapy. The imbalance between peroxidation and antioxidant defense system was mitigated when fructose-fed rats were treated with metformin. In the control rats, metformin did not affect the parameters studied. Significant positive correlation was obtained between insulin, triglycerides and glucose concentrations with lipid hydroperoxides suggesting that these metabolic variables could influence the lipid peroxide levels in plasma.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14972791&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]
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