Drugs online research references
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Mar 19;93(6):2382-6.
Mapping striate and extrastriate visual areas in human cerebral cortex.
DeYoe EA, Carman GJ, Bandettini P, Glickman S, Wieser J, Cox R, Miller D, Neitz J.
Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, and Biophysics Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to identify and map the representation of the visual field in seven areas of human cerebral cortex and to identify at least two additional visually responsive regions. The cortical locations of neurons responding to stimulation along the vertical or horizontal visual field meridia were charted on three-dimensional models of the cortex and on unfolded maps of the cortical surface. These maps were used to identify the borders among areas that would be topographically homologous to areas V1, V2, V3, VP, and parts of V3A and V4 of the macaque monkey. Visually responsive areas homologous to the middle temporal/medial superior temporal area complex and unidentified parietal visual areas were also observed. The topography of the visual areas identified thus far is consistent with the organization in macaque monkeys. However, these and other findings suggest that human and simian cortical organization may begin to differ in extrastriate cortex at, or beyond, V3A and V4.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8637882&dopt=Abstract
Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1996 Jan;16(1):83-5.
Multi-meridional keratometry.
Rosenfield M, Portello JK.
State College of Optometry, State University of New York, NY 10010, USA.
During conventional keratometry, the two principal meridia are identified and measurements of the anterior corneal curvature determined along these orientations. However, in cases of corneal irregularity, the principal meridia may be difficult to identify. Accordingly, the present study sought to evaluate two alternative procedures which do not require identification of the principal meridia. Instead, measurements of anterior corneal curvature were determined along either three or four preselected meridia and subsequently converted into the standard format for measurements of anterior corneal curvature. The study was performed on 25 visually normal subjects and the results compared with conventional two meridian keratometry findings. No significant differences were observed between the mean findings for the three and four meridian techniques. Furthermore, both procedures gave comparable results to the conventional two meridian method. Accordingly, multi-meridional keratometry may be valuable in cases of irregular astigmatism, for example produced by keratoconus or scarred corneas, since measurements can be obtained without the necessity for identification of the principal meridia.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8729571&dopt=Abstract
Curr Eye Res. 2000 Jan;20(1):35-44.
Binocular summation in the fovea and peripheral field of anisometropic amblyopes.
Pardhan S, Whitaker A.
Department of Optometry, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK.
PURPOSE. Binocular performance in the central and peripheral visual fields was compared for normal and anisometropic amblyopes. METHODS. Binocular and monocular thresholds to a light detection task were measured along the four principal meridia in 10 young normal subjects and 10 anisometropic amblyopes using the Humphrey's Visual Field Analyser. Thresholds were obtained at the fovea and at retinal eccentricities of 5 masculine, 10 masculine, 15 masculine, 25 masculine, 40 masculine and 55 masculine on the horizontal, vertical and oblique meridia of 45 masculine and 135 masculine. RESULTS. Binocular summation ratios (binocular sensitivity/ 'best' monocular sensitivity) were calculated for all the eccentricities. In the normal group, the mean binocular summation ratio for the fovea and the peripheral field was not significantly different. In the amblyopic group, subjects showed no or minimal binocular summation in the foveal region but reached normal ratios in the periphery. DISCUSSION. Results are discussed in terms of tolerance to interocular sensitivity differences in the periphery and selective losses in cortical cells.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10611713&dopt=Abstract
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