Drugs online research references
Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 1989;49(1):47-50.
Is the 45 degrees-oblique a third dominant direction?
Yakimoff N, Lansky P, Mitrani L, Radil T.
Vertical and horizontal are widely accepted as dominant directions or norms of visual orientation in the frontoparallel plane. They are supposed to cause a normalization effect consisting in the apparent rotation of a tilted straight line towards the nearest dominant direction. The evidence for tilt normalization towards the vertical or horizontal visual meridia is indirect. On the other hand, human observers are very sensitive to departures from the vertical and horizontal, which means that most orientations in the frontoparallel plane are termed tilted rather than vertical or horizontal. By measuring directly the orientation of dot patterns we found that estimated orientation was systematically biased towards the nearest 45 degrees-oblique visual meridian. This finding is interpreted as evidence for the existence of an oblique norm in visual tilt.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2718789&dopt=Abstract
Exp Brain Res. 1989;76(3):503-9.
Complementary global maps for orientation coding in upper and lower layers of the monkey's foveal striate cortex.
Bauer R, Dow BM.
Philipps-Universitat, Institut fur Biophysik, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany.
A population of 269 cells recorded from the foveal representation of striate cortex in 2 rhesus macaque monkeys was examined for orientation preference as a function of receptive field position relative to the center of gaze. Cells recorded in supragranular and infragranular layers were segregated and compared. Within the foveolar region (0.0-0.5 degrees) supragranular cells showed a vertical bias which was not evident in the infragranular layers. At larger eccentricities (0.5-2.5 degrees) supragranular cells showed a radial bias (preferred orientation points toward the center of gaze), whereas infragranular cells showed a concentric bias (preferred orientation is tangent to a circle around the center of gaze). These results are consistent with our earlier report of an orientation shift between the supragranular and infragranular layers (Bauer et al. 1980, 1983; Dow and Bauer 1984). The diagonal orientation bias which we noted earlier (Bauer et al. 1980; Dow and Bauer 1984) in supragranular cells at eccentricities between 0.5 and 2.5 degrees can be explained by the radial bias, combined with a tendency for recording sites to favor receptive field locations closer to the diagonal meridia than to either the horizontal or vertical meridia. Given other evidence that upper layer cells in macaque striate cortex tend to show either orientation or color selectivity, while lower layer cells tend to show movement sensitivity (Dow 1974; Livingstone and Hubel 1984), the present data suggest a functional dichotomy between a supragranular system involved in fixational eye movements and pattern vision and an infragranular system activated primarily by optical flow fields during ambulation.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2792244&dopt=Abstract
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989 Feb;30(2):304-9.
Optic disc cupping: prevalence findings from the WESDR.
Klein BE, Moss SE, Magli YL, Klein R, Hoyer C, Johnson J.
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53792.
Increased cupping of the optic disc is considered to be an indication of pressure-related damage of the optic nerve. This paper explores the relationship of intraocular pressure and cupping in persons with diabetes mellitus, a group of people whose optic nerves may be more susceptible to the effects of intraocular pressure. Stereoscopic fundus photographs of the seven standard fields were obtained in all persons participating in the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy at the time of the initial prevalence survey. Measurements of disc and cup diameters in the vertical and horizontal meridia were made by two trained graders. Cup-to-disc ratios were computed for both diameters of each eye and the mean of the two gradings was used. A history of glaucoma was significantly associated with larger cup-to-disc ratios at the prevalence examination. Cup-to-disc ratios were not larger in those with high IOP, nor in those who had panretinal photocoagulation.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2914758&dopt=Abstract
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