Drugs online research references
Diabetes Educ. 1995 Nov-Dec;21(6):509-10, 513-4.
Metformin: a biguanide.
Tanja JJ, Langlass TM.
Metformin is an effective agent in the oral treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and does not cause hypoglycemia like the sulfonylureas. This drug is safe provided the cautions and contraindications are followed and the patient is monitored for hepatic and renal function. Metformin is used extensively outside the United States in the treatment of type II diabetes and recently was approved by the FDA for marketing under the brand name of Glucophage.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8549253&dopt=Abstract
Arzneimittelforschung. 1975 Apr;25(4):668-75.
[Proinsulin and insulin secretion in obese females before and after administration of metformin]
[Article in German]
Hausmann VL, Schubotz R.
In 49 normal and overweighty women the basal and reactive proinsulin and insulin level as well as serum cholesterol and triglycerides were determined before and after the application of N,N-dimethylbiguanide-hydrochloride (metformin, Glucophage retard-R). The proinsulin fraction of the basal total insulin is 70 percent in normal women. With increasing overweight the percentage of proinsulin decreases in favor of insulin. Stimulation with 100 g oral glucose, in analogy to the total insulin, significantly increased proinsulin levels, remaining, however, below the insulin levels. Accordingly the increased secretion of total insulin in overweighty persons consists mostly of insulin and to a lesser degree of proinsulin. Additionally there exists a significant correlation between the triglycerides and the degree of overweight. After 4 weeks application of 1.7 g metformin daily the weight reduction reached on an average 1.4 kg, after 16 weeks 5.2 kg. In relation to the weight reduction lower proinsulin and insulin levels were noticed before and after stimulation with glucose. Even those test persons who did not lose weight under metformin showed lower proinsulin and insulin levels. It might be that metformin leads to a slow-down in glucose absorption and as a consequence to a decrease of insulin secretion. Lower triglyceride values after treatment with metformin not only were a sign of weight reduction: biguanides also influence the fat metabolism independently of the carbohydrate metabolism. Additional to the reduction diet the treatment with metformin seems to be very appropriate for overweighty patients with hyperinsulinism and hypertriglyceridemia.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1174086&dopt=Abstract
Farmakol Toksikol. 1978 Sep-Oct;41(5):594-7.
[Resistance to hypoglycemic sulfanilamides and biguanidines and its immune genesis]
[Article in Russian]
Zaks AS, Bykova AA, Evteeva TA.
In blood of patients with diabetes mellitus receiving bucarban or adebit antibodies to these drugs were discovered. Patients medicated with bucarban demonstrated an elevated content of antibodies to insulin. The appearance of specific antibodies occurred in rabbits and rats following introduction of bucarban, glucophage or adebit per se or when mixed with adjuvants. An increased production of antibodies to endogenous insulin was observed in all animals reveiving bucarban. Introduction to rats of inactivated (at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes) serum of patients with diabetes mellitus that contained antibodies to bucarban or adebit as well as immune rabbit sera greatly mitigated the hypoglycemic effect of the latter. Introduction to rats of the blood serum taken in patients reveiving bucarban allso attenuated the effect of exogenous insulin. These findings suggest that, possessing neutralizing properties, these antibodies to bucarban, adebit and glucophage cause habituation to these substances. Accumulation in the blood of autoantibodies to insulin following introduction of bacarban reduces the sensitivity to the exogenous hormone and manifests the existence of an immune mechanism securing the preservation of chemical homeostasis in the organism.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=700085&dopt=Abstract
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