Drugs online research references
Boll Chim Farm. 2002 Sep-Oct;141(5):379-84.
Enteric-coated insulin capsules: a combination with or a replacement of oral hypoglycaemic drugs.
Hosny EA, el-Bagory IM, al-Jenoobi FI.
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
The hypoglycaemic effect of Eudragit S100 enteric-coated insulin capsules containing sodium salicylate as an absorption promoter, oral hypoglycaemic tablets sulphonylurea (e.g. doanil 5 mg) and metformin (e.g. glucophage 500 mg) was studied in hyperglycaemic beagle dogs. The effect of the combinations of insulin capsules + doanil, insulin capsules + glucophage and the combination of doanil + glucophage is also studied. The results show that the enteric-coated insulin capsules produced the same results as the glucophage tablets with respect to Cmax, AUC and relative hypoglycaemia. While, doanil tablets produced non significant lowering (P > 0.05) of Cmax and a significant less (P < 0.05) AUC compared to that produced by insulin capsules and lower (P < 0.001) RH compared to that of insulin capsules or glucophage tablets. The combination of glucophage and doanil tablets resulted in synergistic effect producing 59 +/- 9.27% reduction in plasma glucose levels by 4h and significantly higher (P < 0.001) AUC and RH compared to either of the tablets alone. The combination of insulin capsules and doanil tablets produced only 16% lowering in plasma glucose levels by 6h and significantly (P < 0.001) lower AUC and RH compared to the combination of glucophage + doanil. The combination of insulin capsules and glucophage tablets produced about 38% reduction in plasma glucose levels and significantly (P < 0.001) higher AUC and RH compared to either glucophage, doanil tablets or enteric coated insulin capsules alone. The results show that enteric-coated insulin capsules can be a replacement of either of the oral hypoglycemic drugs. In addition, the combination of the insulin capsules and glucophage tablets could be a good therapy to Type II diabetic patients that not controlled properly by oral hypoglycemic drugs.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12481381&dopt=Abstract
smhca.org
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus typically involves abnormal beta-cell function that results in relative insulin deficiency, insulin resistance accompanied by decreased glucose transport into muscle and fat cells, and increased hepatic glucose output, all of which contribute to hyperglycemia. OBJECTIVE: This review examines the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug-interaction potential, adverse effects, and dosing guidelines for metformin hydrochloride, a biguanide agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Clinical trial data are reviewed, including efficacy and tolerability information, with a focus on studies of dual metformin therapy (metformin plus another oral agent or insulin) published from 1998 to the present. Pharmacoeconomic considerations are also discussed. METHODS: Primary research and review articles were identified through a search of MEDLINE (1966-May 2003) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-May 2003) using the terms metformin and/or Glucophage. Web of Science (1995-May 2003) was used to search for additional abstracts. The package inserts for metformin and metformin combination products were consulted. All identified articles and abstracts were assessed for relevance, and all relevant information was included. Priority was given to the primary medical literature and clinical trial reports. RESULTS: Metformin is the only currently available oral antidiabetic/hypoglycemic agent that acts predominantly by inhibiting hepatic glucose release. Because patients with type 2 diabetes often have excess hepatic glucose output, use of metformin is effective in lowering glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 1 to 2 percentage points when used as monotherapy or in combination with other blood glucose-lowering agents or insulin. Other metabolic variables (eg, dyslipidemia, fibrinolysis) may be improved with the use of metformin. Body weight is often maintained or slightly reduced from baseline. Metformin is well tolerated and is associated with few clinically deleterious adverse events. The most important and potentially life-threatening adverse event associated with its use is lactic acidosis, which occurs very rarely. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin has multiple benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes. It can effectively lower HbA1c values, positively affect lipid profiles, and improve vascular and hemodynamic indices. Adverse effects are generally tolerable and self-limiting. The availability of products combining metformin with a sulfonylurea or rosiglitazone has expanded the array of therapies for the management of type 2 diabetes.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14749143&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]
Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1993 Apr;14(3):257-63.
Bioavailability of metformin in tablet form using a new high pressure liquid chromatography assay method.
Caille G, Lacasse Y, Raymond M, Landriault H, Perrotta M, Picirilli G, Thiffault J, Spenard J.
Department of Pharmacology, Universite de Montreal, Canada.
Twenty-four young healthy volunteers received a single dose of metformin 500 mg (Glucophage, Nordic Laboratories, Canada) in tablet form. Plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC in samples collected prior to and 0.33, 0.66, 1, 1.33, 1.66, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24, and 30 h after dosing. Mean (+/- SD) Cmax was 682.1 (160.6) ng ml-1 at a mean (+/- SD) tmax of 2.4 (0.93) h. Overall elimination was monoexponential with a mean (+/- SD) half-life of 3.16 (0.47) h. We conclude that metformin is rapidly absorbed from this formulation and is also rapidly eliminated. Extrapolation to steady state predicts that equilibrium will be reached within 24 h.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8490112&dopt=Abstract
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