Drugs online research references
J Chromatogr A. 1995 Nov 24;717(1-2):279-91.
Concentration and separation of hypoglycemic drugs using solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis.
Strausbauch MA, Xu SJ, Ferguson JE, Nunez ME, Machacek D, Lawson GM, Wettstein PJ, Landers JP.
Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic/Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis (SPE-CE) is a technique whereby very dilute analytes may be selectively extracted from a sample matrix and concentrated on-line for analysis. This study describes the first phase in the development of a method exploiting this technique for the direct analysis of hypoglycemic drugs in urine. Effective separation and detection of six sulfonylurea drug standards at concentrations below the detection limit of conventional capillary electrophoretic techniques is shown to be attainable. Since surfactant interfered with the on-line concentration process, non-MEKC (micellar electrokinetic chromatography) separation conditions were defined. Using 250 mM borate/5 mM phosphate at pH 8.4, all drugs in a mixture at 285 ng/ml were effectively extracted, concentrated from an injected volume of 2.5 microliters, non-selectively desorbed with an organic-based elution buffer and electrophoretically resolved. Sample loading was found to be linear in the 0.12-1.9 microliters range and drugs in a volume of up to 190 microliters could be concentrated and detected with a sensitivity of approximately 5 ng/ml. Not only was resolution of the desorbed material uncompromised by the presence of the SPE-tip, but separation of glipizide and glyburide was observed despite the fact that these drugs were unresolved under the same separation conditions by standard capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). From these results, it is clear that SPE-CE not only increases the sensitivity for detection but that selectivity may be altered due to chromatographic processes occurring on the solid-phase resin.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8520680&dopt=Abstract
Clin Ther. 1995 Sep-Oct;17(5):977-87.
Cost-effectiveness analyses of the conversion of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus from glipizide to glyburide and of the accompanying pharmacy follow-up clinic.
Law AV, Pathak DS, Segraves AM, Weinstein CR, Arneson WH.
Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
At the Department of Veteran's Affairs Outpatient Clinic in Columbus, Ohio, patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who were receiving glipizide therapy were converted to glyburide therapy over a 6-month period starting in mid-1993. A pharmacy follow-up clinic was instituted to help patients with problems associated with the transition. The conversion was intended to reduce costs by converting from a more expensive to a less expensive drug (in terms of acquisition cost) within the same therapeutic class. An initial analysis of the conversion indicated a savings of $65,000.00 to the Department of Veterans' Affairs (VA) based on the drug acquisition cost differential alone. The purpose of our study was to retrospectively evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the conversion and pharmacy follow-up clinic from the perspective of the VA pharmacy department. Relevant costs and effectiveness (percentage of patients who achieved good glycemic control) were examined for three groups: group I--patients who were treated with glipizide, group II--patients who were treated with glipizide; group II--patients who were switched from glipizide to glyburide, accompanied by a pharmacy follow-up clinic; and group III--patients who were switched from glipizide to glyburide, with no follow-up clinic. Overall, group II had the lowest costs, and group II had to be the most effective. Cost-II effectiveness analysis indicated that, in general, the conversion from glipizide to glyburide was cost-effective. Incremental analysis performed for the follow-up group over the no follow-up group showed that for every 1% of patients who achieved good glycemic control, the VA would spend $1.01 more for the follow-up groups. This was considered to be cost-effective for the VA.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8595649&dopt=Abstract
Arch Sci Med (Torino). 1977 Jan-Mar;134(1):33-8.
[Changes in insulin (IRI) and NEFA levels in diabetic subjects after acute intravenous glipizide and tolbutamide administration]
[Article in Italian]
Fedeli S, Maglia A.
Glypizide and i.v. tolbutamide were administered to a series of diabetics. On different days, 10 subjects (controls for themselves) received 1 mg glypizide anal 100 mg tolbutamide; a further 10 received 2 mg glypizide and 200 mg tolbutamide. Blood sugar and insulin and NEFA values were determined every 10' for one hour after the injection. It was found that the hypoglycaemising activity of glypizide was about 140 times that of tolbutamide. It also caused a greater incretion of insuline and a more marked reduction of NEFA.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=860916&dopt=Abstract
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