Drugs online research references
Diabetes. 1982 Apr;31(4 Pt 1):307-12.
Effect of sulfonylurea treatment on in vivo insulin secretion and action in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Greenfield MS, Doberne L, Rosenthal M, Schulz B, Widstrom A, Reaven GM.
The effect of glipizide treatment on diabetic control and on in vivo insulin secretion and action was studied in 20 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Patients were examined before and after a minimum of 3 mo treatment. Mean (+/- SEM) fasting plasma glucose level fell from 264 +/- 12 mg/dl to 172 +/- 10 mg/dl (P < 0.001) after glipizide treatment, and this was associated with a fall in total plasma glucose response to a test meal of approximately 35%. Mean (+/- SEM) fasting plasma insulin levels increased slightly from 15 +/- 2 micronU/ml following sulfonylurea treatment, and the total plasma insulin response to the test meal increased by 63%. However, there was no correlation (r = - 0.20) between the increase in plasma insulin response and the fall in plasma glucose levels that occurred as the result of sulfonylurea therapy. Glipizide treatment also led to enhanced in vivo insulin action, whether measured by the insulin clamp technique (P < 0.001) or the insulin suppression test (P< 0.02). Furthermore, in this instance there was a significant correlation (r - 0.69, P < 0.001) between the enhanced insulin action and the improvement on diabetes control. Thus, chronic therapy with glipizide, a new sulfonylurea agent, led to increased in vivo insulin secretion and insulin action. These results lend direct support to the assumption that sulfonylurea compounds have a substantial extrapancreatic effect on glucose homeostasis, and suggest that this effect contributes to the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6759246&dopt=Abstract
Diabetes Care. 1982 Sep-Oct;5(5):497-500.
Bioavailability of glipizide and its effect on blood glucose and insulin levels in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Peterson CM, Sims RV, Jones RL, Rieders F.
The bioavailability of glipizide, plasma glucose, and insulin levels were measured in seven patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Glucose and insulin response to three standard meals was measured at 11 identical time points on the day of placebo administration and on the first and 15th day of glipizide administration (mean dose of 8.7 mg glipizide orally per day). The bioavailability profile of glipizide was highly consistent between day 1 and day 15 of administration. On both days, the drug peaked within 1.2-1.8 h and displayed a plasma half-life of between 2.5 and 3.2 h. While insulin levels were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased at 4 of 11 time points of day 1, significantly elevated insulin levels were found at one time point on day 15 of glipizide administration. Insulin levels were found to be increased only in the presence of plasma drug concentrations of 200 ng/ml or greater. The hypoglycemic effect of the drug was significantly greater on day 15 than on day 1 of administration, and a significant hypoglycemic effect was noted even when drug levels were undetectable in plasma.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6765225&dopt=Abstract
Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1980;239:3-5.
Kinetics-effect relations of glipizide and other sulfonylureas.
Sartor G, Melander A, Schersten B, Wahlin-Boll E.
The kinetics-effect relations of glipizide (Gz), glibenclamide (Gb), tolbutamide (Tb) and chlorpropamide (Cp) were studied in diabetics and healthy volunteers, by gas chromatographic (Tb, Cp), high-pressure liquid chromatographic (Gz), radioimmunologic (Gb, insulin) and enzymatic (glucose) analyses. For each of the four drugs, the steady state concentrations showed very large between-patient variations, not attributable to dosage or weight differences but to individual differences in drug kinetics and to insufficient compliance. Single-dose comparisons in healthy volunteers showed that Gz and Gb are much more potent than Tb and Cp, and suggested that Gz is the most rapid-acting one. Food did not affect the bioavailability of any of the four drugs, but delayed Gz absorption. Both Gz and Gb yielded better blood glucose reductions when given 30 minutes before, than together with, meals. Each drug could evoke glucose reduction without enhancing peripheral insulin levels; this probably reflects extrapancreatic sulfonylurea effects. In conclusion, it appears that a) the dosage of each sulfonylurea must be individualized, b) Gz and Gb are much more potent than Tb and Cp, c) Gz has the most favourable therapeutic profile as it seems to be the most rapid- and short-acting of the four sulfonylureas. d) Gz and Gb should be given before rather than together with, meals, in order to obtain optimal effects.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6776762&dopt=Abstract
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