Drugs online research references
Am J Hosp Pharm. 1993 Jan;50(1):91-5.
Pharmacist management of a hyperlipidemia clinic.
Furmaga EM.
Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612.
A hyperlipidemia clinic in which a pharmacist provides primary care is described. The clinic was established at a Veterans Affairs medical center in January 1990. A pharmacist performs limited physical assessments, refers patients to other clinics as necessary, orders laboratory and diagnostic tests, and selects and monitors the use of lipid-lowering medications. Interventions are performed according to the pharmacist's clinical judgment; there is no set protocol. Recommendations for patient management are approved by an attending physician, who prescribes the antilipemic drugs. The pharmacist teaches patients about hyperlipidemia, the impact of diet and life-style, and the mechanism of action, administration, and adverse effects of the antilipemics prescribed. The pharmacist also monitors compliance, laboratory test values, and the response to treatment. Treatment is modeled after the recommendations of the National Cholesterol Education Program. If a patient has not achieved the targeted cholesterol concentration after receiving dietary therapy for three months, further education about diet and lifestyle is provided. If, after three more months, the cholesterol level remains high, drug therapy is begun. Four antilipemic drugs--colestipol, gemfibrozil, lovastatin, and niacin--are used in the clinic. Since it began operating, the clinic has enrolled 284 patients. Compliance with the lipid-lowering agents has ranged from 43% to 100%. Adverse effects have accounted for the majority of cases of noncompliance. A pharmacist provides primary care for patients with hyperlipidemia in an ambulatory-care clinic.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8427286&dopt=Abstract
Hum Toxicol. 1983 Jan;2(1):27-48.
Evaluation of selected hypolipidemic agents for the induction of peroxisomal enzymes and peroxisome proliferation in the rat liver.
Lalwani ND, Reddy MK, Qureshi SA, Sirtori CR, Abiko Y, Reddy JK.
There is a considerable interest in developing potent and safe hypolipidemic drugs for the prevention and management of coronary heart disease in man. In rodents, many of these hypolipidemic compounds induce hepatomegaly, proliferation of peroxisomes and a polypeptide with an approximate mol. wt. of 80000 in liver cells. In the present study, we have examined 10 hypolipidemic compounds for the induction of peroxisome proliferation associated 80000 mol. wt. polypeptide (polypeptide PPA-80), peroxisomal enzymes and peroxisome proliferation in rat liver, in view of the emerging evidence that hepatic peroxisome proliferators as a class are carcinogenic in rats and mice. All ten compounds, fenofibrate (isopropyl-[4-(p-chlorobenzoyl)2-phenoxy-2-methyl] propionate; LS 2265 (taurine derivative of fenofibrate); bezafibrate (2-(4-(2-[4-chlorobenzamido)ethyl] phenoxy)-methyl propionic acid; gemfibrozil (5-2[2,5-dimethylphenoxy]2-2-dimethylpentanoic acid); methyl clofenapate (methyl-2-[4-(p-chlorophenyl)phenoxy]-2-methyl propionate); DG 5685 (5-[4-phenoxybenzyl]trans-2-(3-pyridyl)1,3-dioxane); DH 6463 (5-[4-phenoxybenzyl] trans-2-(3-pyrimidinyl)-1,3-dioxane); tiadenol(bis[hydroxyethylthio]-7, 10-decane); ciprofibrate (2,-[4-(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)-phenoxy]2-methyl propionic acid) and RMI-14,514 ( [5-tetradecycloxy]-2-furancarboxylic acid), produced a marked but variable increase in the activities of peroxisomal enzymes catalase, carnitine acetyltransferase, heat-labile enoyl-CoA hydratase and the fatty acid beta-oxidation system and in the amount of polypeptide PPA-80 as demonstrated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The peptide map patterns of polypeptide PPA-80 in liver induced by these compounds were strikingly similar. The ultrastructural studies demonstrate that fenofibrate, ciprofibrate, LS 2265, DG 5685 and DH 6463 can induce proliferation of peroxisomes in liver cells of rats, and further confirm the previous reports of hepatic peroxisome proliferative activity of methyl clofenapate, tiadenol, bezafibrate, gemfibrozil and RMI-14514, as shown morphologically. Whether these structurally unrelated chemicals or their metabolite(s) directly activate the peroxisome specific genes to induce this multi-enzyme system or they exert their action on peroxisomes indirectly by causing fatty acid overload in hepatocytes remains to be elucidated. These chemicals offer a simple and reproducible means of stimulating peroxisomal enzymes in liver and should serve as useful tools, for evaluating the implications of hepatic peroxisome proliferation and in elucidating the mechanism of peroxisome proliferator-induced carcinogenesis.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6840792&dopt=Abstract
Pharmacoeconomics. 1993 Feb;3(2):131-9.
Cost-effectiveness study of a lipid-lowering therapy in hyperlipoproteinaemia type IIb and type IV (Frederickson).
Bergemann R, Brandt A, Siegrist W.
Institute for Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Bachtelenweg, Riehen, Switzerland.
We performed a cost-effectiveness simulation of acipimox, bezafibrate, fenofibrate and gemfibrozil in patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia type IIb and IV (Frederickson). A distinction was made between patients with HLP type IIb and IV and HLP associated with diabetes mellitus type II (NIDDM). Direct costs were assessed as those incurred by social security for the treatment, and indirect costs were not taken into account. In appropriate dosages, all 4 substances can be considered equally efficacious in lowering lipid levels, although gallstones occur 3 times more frequently in patients treated with fibrates than in those treated with acipimox. Acquisition costs of the 4 drugs under consideration are comparable. Thus, when hospitalisation costs for treatment of gallstones are taken into account, therapy with acipimox is more cost effective than fibrate therapy.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10146961&dopt=Abstract
online pharmacies ||
Hair Million herbal formula for hair loss and hair growth ||
Amoxicillin ||
Tramadol ||
Paxil ||
Rx Drugs USA, Prescription Drugs Online Pharmacy ||
Zithromax ||
online pharmacy ||
Antibiotics and prescription medications online literature ||
Antibiotics