Drugs online research references
hfi.unimelb.edu.au
Neural activity, as measured immunohistochemically by the presence of Fos protein, was determined in the lamina terminalis, a thin strip of tissue forming the anterior wall of the third brain ventricle, after adrenalectomy. Several weeks after surgery, the adrenalectomized rats were maintained with access to water and a low sodium diet for five days. In addition, hypertonic (0.5M) NaCl solution was available for the entire five-day period (sodium available) or only during the first four days (sodium unavailable). The number of neurons expressing Fos, determined at the end of the fifth day, was increased in the adrenalectomized rats with or without NaCl solution to drink. Fos activity in the median preoptic nucleus was increased only in adrenalectomized rats without access to NaCl solution. Treatment of adrenalectomized rats with the sodium-retaining mineralocorticoid hormone, deoxycorticosterone, at the end of the fourth day, decreased Fos expression in the subfornical organ and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis when NaCl solution was available but not when the NaCl solution was unavailable. In the adrenalectomized rats with NaCl solution available, mineralocorticoid treatment decreased both urinary sodium excretion and daily sodium intake. Brain nuclei in the lamina terminalis also became activated in intact rats made sodium deplete by treatment with the diuretic, furosemide. Relative to sodium-deplete intact rats, however, sodium-deplete adrenalectomized rats had a greater number of neurons expressing Fos in the organum vasculosum. Treatment of sodium-deplete rats, adrenalectomized or intact, with the angiotensin II-type 1 receptor antagonist, ZD7155, decreased sodium intake and Fos expression in the subfornical organ but not in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis or median preoptic nucleus.In conclusion, the results demonstrated that activation of the brain nuclei located in the lamina terminalis of adrenalectomized rats was primarily related to sodium deficit and not to the absence of the mineralocorticoid hormones, although the adrenal hormones may have a role in limiting the activation of organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis during sodium depletion. Furthermore, the results obtained with the administration of the angiotensin receptor antagonist are consistent with the proposal that sodium appetite of the sodium-deplete rat, adrenalectomized or intact, is mediated by circulating angiotensin II acting in the subfornical organ.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10858623&dopt=Abstract
Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1991;17(6):293-8.
Diuretic profile of a novel loop diuretic torasemide in rats and dogs.
Uchida T, Ohtaki Y, Kido H, Watanabe M.
Central Research Laboratory, Green Cross Corporation, Osaka, Japan.
In the present study, the authors have examined the diuretic action of a novel loop diuretic torasemide and compared it to those of other diuretics, employing normal rats and dogs. Oral administration of torasemide elicited a dose-dependent increase in urine volume and electrolyte excretion, and elevated the urinary Na/K ratio in rats. These effects were more potent than those of the other diuretics furosemide, trichlormethiazide, indapamide and spironolactone. Moreover, torasemide exhibited a similar or higher urinary Na/K ratio than the combination of these diuretics and spironolactone. In a study employing anaesthetized dogs, i.v. injection of torasemide resulted in a higher urinary Na/K ratio in comparison to furosemide, in addition to potent and long-lasting diuretic activity.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1769316&dopt=Abstract
J Pediatr. 1989 May;114(5):847-52.
Neonatal status and hearing loss in high-risk infants.
Salamy A, Eldredge L, Tooley WH.
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0984.
Neurophysiologic and behavioral assessments of auditory function were performed on 224 very low birth weight (less than or equal to 1500 gm) infants requiring intensive care in the nursery. The subjects were studied prospectively from 36 weeks to 4 years of age, as available for follow-up. To classify them according to their neonatal status, we applied a principal components analysis to a number of variables representative of the extent of illness and of patient care in early postnatal life. The subjects were then divided into neonatal status quartiles and evaluated for hearing outcome. All those with sensorineural hearing loss fell exclusively into the lowest neonatal status quartile. Sensorineural hearing loss was statistically associated (1) with greater amounts of furosemide administration for longer durations and in combination with aminoglycoside antibiotics and (2) with more episodes of low pH, hypoxemia, or both, higher total bilirubin levels, and substantially lower neonatal status scores. Birth weight, gestational age, highest creatinine level, Apgar score, and aminoglycosides alone were not systematically related to hearing capacity. Subjects in the lowest neonatal status quartile also had a considerably higher incidence of middle ear disorders, characterized by elevated thresholds and prolonged auditory brain stem-response latencies reflective of conductive hearing loss. We conclude that protracted illness and its associated treatment, independently of specific diagnostic categories, constitute important risk factors for permanent hearing loss and for transient hearing loss in early life.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2715898&dopt=Abstract
online pharmacies ||
Hair Million herbal formula for hair loss and hair growth ||
Amoxicillin ||
Tramadol ||
Paxil ||
Rx Drugs USA, Prescription Drugs Online Pharmacy ||
Zithromax ||
online pharmacy ||
Antibiotics and prescription medications online literature ||
Antibiotics