Drugs online research references
Am J Physiol. 1988 Dec;255(6 Pt 2):F1128-37.
Diluting power of thick limbs of Henle. I. Peritubular hypertonicity blocks basolateral Cl- channels.
Molony DA, Andreoli TE.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77225.
This paper provides the results of experiments intended to assess the mechanism responsible for the suppression of net salt absorption and the attendant spontaneous voltage (Ve, mV) that occurs when isolated thick ascending limbs of Henle (TAL) are exposed to a hypertonic environment. In isolated mouse medullary (MTAL) and cortical (CTAL) segments, as well as in rabbit MTAL segments, increases in peritubular osmolality with urea produced a graded suppression of Ve. This effect was evaluated in further detail in isolated mouse MTAL segments, where 600 mM peritubular urea produced a reversible reduction in Ve and a reversible reduction in the transcellular electrical conductance (Gc; mS.cm-2). There was no detectable effect on the paracellular conductance (Gs; mS.cm-2). Simultaneously, 600 mM peritubular urea also produced hyperpolarization of the voltage across basolateral membranes (mV). Moreover, 600 mM peritubular urea produced virtually the same magnitude reduction in Gc either in the absence or presence of 10(-4) M luminal furosemide. Thus we conclude that peritubular urea hypertonicity directly suppresses the Cl- conductance of basolateral membranes (mS.cm-2).
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2849316&dopt=Abstract
Planta Med. 1995 Dec;61(6):493-6.
Relaxing activity of two linear diterpenes from Cystoseira brachycarpa var. balearica on the contractions of intestinal preparations.
Pieta FD, Breschi MC, Scatizzi R, Cinelli F.
Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Universita degli Studi di Pisa, Italy.
Eleganolone (1) and elegandiol (2), two linear diterpenes isolated from Cystoseira brachycarpa var. balearica, were tested on guinea-pig intestinal preparations. Both these compounds inhibited the contractile activities of acetylcholine (Ach) and histamine (Hist) on ileum musculature; the relative pIC50 values of eleganolone were found to be 4.60 +/- 0.03 and 4.84 +/- 0.20, respectively, while those of elegandiol were 4.71 +/- 0.18 and 5.18 +/- 0.01, respectively. Furthermore, 1 and 2 dose-dependently relaxed the same preparations precontracted with 300 microM BaCl2(pIC50 = 4.34 +/- 0.18 for 1 and pIC50 = 4.34 + 0.02 for 2) or with 60 mM KCl (pIC50 = 4.73 +/- 0.18 and 4.47 +/- 0.06, respectively). On colon smooth muscle, the diterpenes inhibited the spontaneous contractile tone and this effect was reversed by both methylene blue (3 x 10(-6) M) and haemoglobin (3 x 10(-6) M). Tetraethylammonium (TEA), furosemide, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), indomethacin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and metoprolol were unable to block the eleganolone and elegandiol relaxing action on colonic musculature, but rather potentiated this response. On the contrary, the beta 2-blocker butoxamine partially inhibited the diterpenes activity. These results suggest that Cystoseira diterpenes act at a second messenger cyclase system rather than at a receptor level.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8824939&dopt=Abstract
Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1977 Aug 17;12(1):15-22.
Distribution, elimination and effect of furosemide in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure.
Andreasen F, Mikkelsen E.
After furosemide 40 mg i. v. its plasma concentration was significantly higher during an 8-hour period in 6 patients with left sided heart failure than in 8 normal subjects. The plasma clearance was significantly lower in the patients than in the normal subjects--1.23 and 2.34 ml/kg/min, respectively. The apparently smaller volume of distribution in the cardiac patients (0.140 1/kg and 0.181 1/kg, respectively) was not significantly different. In the group of normal subjects, whose ages ranged from 27 to 74 years, no correlation was found between age and either plasma clearance or volume of distribution. In all the patients, the renal clearance of furosemide rose from the first to the second hour after the injection (average +/- SD)--39 +/- 17 and 77 +/- 51 ml/min. In normal subjects, the average values did not change--116 +/- 79 and 117 +/- 54 ml/min. The urinary excretion of furosemide and a metabolite (probably a glucuronide) was measured in 16 individuals. 24-hour urines from all the subjects investigated contained between 20 and 30 mg unchanged furosemide (average 25.2 mg). In addition, between 2.7 and 11.2 mg (average 6.7 mg) furosemide was excreted as the metabolite in five patients who had been treated with furosemide for at least the preceding 6 months. An average of 0.8 +/- 0.8 mg of the metabolite was found in 11 subjects who had not previously been treated with furosemide.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=902673&dopt=Abstract
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