Drugs online research references
Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1988 Jan 22;232(1269):457-70.
Ionic events following GABA receptor activation in an identified insect motor neuron.
Pinnock RD, David JA, Sattelle DB.
A.F.R.C. Unit of Insect Neurophysiology and Pharmacology, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, U.K.
The ionic events underlying gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor activation on the cell body of a cockroach identified motor neuron were investigated by using current-clamp and voltage-clamp techniques. The reversal potential for GABA-induced hyperpolarization was -77.0 +/- 2.4 mV (mean +/- s.e.m.; n = 22). The reversal potential for GABA was highly sensitive to changes in external chloride, only weakly affected by changes in external potassium, and independent of changes in either sodium or calcium ion concentration. Intracellular ion-sensitive microelectrodes confirmed that an influx of chloride ions mediated the GABA response. Intracellular injection of acetate, citrate, sulphate, fluoride or ammonium caused no change in the reversal potential for GABA. Intracellular injection of chloride, bromide, chlorate, bromate, or methyl sulphate shifted the reversal potential for GABA to values more positive than resting membrane potential. Evidence for chloride accumulating and for extrusion mechanisms was examined by using putative inhibitors. However, internal application of ammonium ions, and external application of 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (SITS), 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS), acetazolamide, furosemide, ammonium, zinc and copper ions, were all without effect on the reversal potential for GABA.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2451253&dopt=Abstract
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1989 Jan;45(1):85-91.
The effects of enoximone on renal function in patients with congestive heart failure.
Clifton G, McMahon G, Ryan J, Vargas R, Bekele T, Wallin D.
Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112.
Enoximone is an investigational cardiotonic agent with positive inotropic and vasodilatory properties. In this protocol the effects of enoximone on parameters of renal function in patients (n = 14) with New York Heart Association class II or III congestive heart failure were determined after intravenous (IV) treatment (2 mg/kg) and after chronic oral administration (150 mg t.i.d.), either alone or with added furosemide (40 mg b.i.d.). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), filtration fraction, mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal blood flow (RBF), and renal vascular resistance (RVR) were determined each time. Plasma volume (PV) was determined at baseline and after oral enoximone and after oral enoximone plus furosemide. Significant reductions in GFR (18%) and ERPF (20%) were observed after IV treatment but not after oral treatment with or without furosemide. MAP also was lowered significantly by 14% after IV administration but not after oral treatments. PV after oral enoximone plus furosemide was reduced significantly (31%) compared with baseline. These results demonstrate that enoximone produces acute reductions in GFR and ERPF when given intravenously but has no effect on parameters of renal function when given orally, either alone or with furosemide.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2521320&dopt=Abstract
J Membr Biol. 1980;52(2):141-6.
K+ influx components in ascites cells: the effects of agents interacting with the (Na+ + K+)-pump.
Bakker-Grunwald T, Andrew JS, Neville MC.
Several agents known to interact with the (Na+ + K+)-pump were tested for their effects on the components of steady-state K+ flux in ascites cells. 86Rb+ was used as a tracer for K+, and influx was differentiated into a ouabain-inhibitable "pump" component, a Cl--dependent and furosemide-sensitive "exchange" component, and a residual "leak" flux. All agents tested (ouabain, quercetin, oligomycin, phosphate) affected both the "pump" flux and the Cl--linked flux. These findings suggest a linkage between the activity of the Na/K ATPase and the Cl--dependent K+ exchange flux. In the discussion we point out that the mechanism of this linkage could be direct; e.g., Cl--dependent exchange may represent a mode of operation of the Na/K ATPase. However, data from this and other systems tend to suggest an indirect linkage between the Na+ pump and a KCl symporter, perhaps via a change in the level of intracellular ATP.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6245215&dopt=Abstract
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