Drugs online research references
J Hypertens Suppl. 1989 Dec;7(6):S308-9.
The incidence of cough during treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.
Strocchi E, Valtancoli G, Ambrosioni E.
Cattedra di Terapia Medica Sistematica, Universita di Bologna, Italy.
The incidence of cough during treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors was studied using retrospective analysis of outpatient records and a questionnaire; for a more precise evaluation, all reported cases of cough were reviewed according to criteria for the operational assessment of side effects, and those found unrelated were excluded. Cough during treatment with ACE inhibitors appears to be more frequent than previously recorded and substantial differences between patients treated with captopril or enalapril seem unlikely.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2561146&dopt=Abstract
Hypertension. 1985 May-Jun;7(3 Pt 2):I61-5.
Increased plasma renin during renin inhibition. Studies with a novel immunoassay.
Hofbauer KG, Wood JM, Gulati N, Heusser C, Menard J.
The response of renin release to the administration of renin inhibitors cannot be studied with conventional enzymatic methods used to measure plasma renin. In the present experiments, a novel multirange enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human and primate renin was used to investigate the changes in plasma immunoreactive renin after renin inhibition. A potent and long-acting statine-containing renin inhibitor, CGP 29 287, was injected in conscious marmosets after mild or severe sodium depletion. In mildly sodium-depleted marmosets, CGP 29 287 (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) reduced mean arterial blood pressure and completely inhibited plasma renin activity for up to 30 minutes. This response was associated with a transient increase in plasma immunoreactive renin concentration. After a dose of 1.0 mg/kg i.v., the reduction of mean arterial pressure and the complete inhibition of plasma renin activity persisted for up to 120 minutes. These effects were accompanied by a sustained increase in plasma immunoreactive renin concentration. In severely sodium-depleted marmosets, CGP 29 287 (1.0 mg/kg i.v.) induced a marked fall in systolic blood pressure and complete inhibition of plasma renin activity within 30 minutes of injection. Plasma immunoreactive renin levels increased to 257% of pretreatment values. The converting-enzyme inhibitor enalaprilat (2 mg/kg i.v.) induced a fall in systolic blood pressure of similar magnitude, which was accompanied by an increase in plasma renin activity. Levels of plasma immunoreactive renin increased to 210% of pretreatment values. Hydralazine (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) did not increase plasma renin activity or plasma immunoreactive renin levels despite a comparable hypotensive effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2987126&dopt=Abstract
Ann Pharmacother. 1992 Mar;26(3):399-404.
Enalapril to lisinopril: economic impact of a voluntary angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor substitution program in a staff-model health maintenance organization.
McDonough KP, Weaver RH, Viall GD.
Harvard Community Health Plan of New England, Providence, RI 02903.
OBJECTIVE: The cost-effectiveness of a voluntary program that switched enalapril to lisinopril therapy in patients with benign essential hypertension in a staff-model health maintenance organization (HMO) was evaluated. DESIGN: The one-year nonrandomized, controlled trial was performed from November 1989 through October 1990. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twenty-seven patients were entered into the study: 75 who converted from enalapril to lisinopril and 52 who remained on enalapril throughout the study period. Patients were excluded from analysis because of diagnosis (not benign essential hypertension) or insufficient data collection. INTERVENTIONS: Patients taking enalapril were asked by staff pharmacists if they were willing to consider switching from enalapril to lisinopril. To encourage patients, the HMO agreed to waive the drug rider copayment for three months. If patients were willing, their physicians were contacted and they established the lisinopril dosage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total direct cost and savings resulting from converting patients from enalapril to lisinopril were measured and compared with costs of therapy for patients who remained on enalapril. RESULTS: The control and study groups were evenly matched according to demographics and concomitant drug therapy. Drug acquisition costs, costs associated with waiving drug rider copayment, pharmacy administrative costs, costs of managing adverse events, costs of visits to physicians, and laboratory test costs were assessed. Depending on the cost of capital assumed, net savings ranged from $85 to $110 per patient converted from enalapril to lisinopril. Monthly net savings that ranged from $2.04 to $2.61 per patient were required to result in overall net savings within the first two years. CONCLUSIONS: In a regular practice setting, a net savings is realized in less than 12 months when patients are converted from enalapril to lisinopril for treatment of benign essential hypertension. The voluntary therapeutic interchange program provided a good means for achieving cost controls for pharmacy expenses.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1313320&dopt=Abstract
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