Drugs online research references
J Mol Neurosci. 2002 Feb-Apr;18(1-2):143-9.
Venlafaxine and mirtazapine: different mechanisms of antidepressant action, common opioid-mediated antinociceptive effects--a possible opioid involvement in severe depression?
Schreiber S, Bleich A, Pick CG.
Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine, Israel.
The efficacy of each antidepressant available has been found equal to that of amitriptyline in double-blind studies as far as mild to moderate depression is involved. However, it seems that some antidepressants are more effective than others in the treatment of severe types of depression (i.e., delusional depression and refractory depression). Following studies regarding the antinociceptive mechanisms of various antidepressants, we speculate that the involvement of the opioid system in the antidepressants' mechanism of action may be necessary, in order to prove effective in the treatment of severe depression. Among the antidepressants of the newer generations, that involvement occurs only with venlafaxine (a presynaptic drug which blocks the synaptosomal uptake of noradrenaline and serotonin and, to a lesser degree, of dopamine) and with mirtazapine (a postsynaptic drug which enhances noradrenergic and 5-HT1A-mediated serotonergic neurotransmission via antagonism of central alpha-auto- and hetero-adrenoreceptors). When mice were tested with a hotplate analgesia meter, both venlafaxine and mirtazapine induced a dose-dependent, naloxone-reversible antinociceptive effect following ip administration. Summing up the various interactions of venlafaxine and mirtazapine with opioid, noradrenergic and serotonergic agonists and antagonists, we found that the antinociceptive effect of venlafaxine is influenced by opioid receptor subtypes (mu-, kappa1- kappa3- and delta-opioid receptor subtypes) combined with the alpha2-adrenergic receptor, whereas the antinociceptive effect of mirtazapine mainly involves mu- and kappa3-opioid mechanisms. This opioid profile of the two drugs may be one of the explanations to their efficacy in severe depression, unlike the SSRIs and other antidepressants which lack opioid activity.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11931344&dopt=Abstract
kwd match effexor online literature
Fortschr Med Orig. 2001;119 Suppl 1:1-4.
[Generalized anxiety disorders (GAD)--a neglected illness? Background und aims of the GAD-P study]
[Article in German]
Wittchen HU, Linden M, Schwarzer W, Riemann D, Boerner RJ, Bandelow B.
Institut fur Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie der TU Dresden und Max-Planck-Institut fur Psychiatrie, Munchen.
In the past Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)--previously classified as anxiety neurosis--was regarded as not being a separate diagnostic entity. On the basis of new explicit criteria for GAD in the 90ies, GAD-specific pharmacological (i.e. SNRI) and psychological treatments with improved efficacy have become available. The Generalized Anxiety and Depression in Primary care study (GAD-P) investigates the prevalence of GAD in primary care settings and evaluates the patterns of care provided. Aims, methods and findings of the GAD-P study are described in this supplement.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11935662&dopt=Abstract
kwd match effexor online literature
Fortschr Med Orig. 2001;119 Suppl 1:36-41.
[Family physician's interventions and prescribing practice. Results of the GAD-P study]
[Article in German]
Wittchen HU, Hoyer J, Hofler M, Krause P.
Institut fur Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Technische Universitat Dresden und Max-Planck-Institut fur Psychiatrie, Munchen.
More than two thirds of all GAD patients are recognized as cases with mental disorders, only one third is correctly diagnosed. The paper shows that this has significant implications. 36%--as compared to 23% of those with major depression--receive no intervention. Of those recognized at least as a case the majority is treated by the GP, 9% are only referred to specialists, in addition to another 20% that are treated by the GP and referred as well. Almost all patients receive medication, however, only few medications that match scientific guidelines for GAD-specific treatments, namely SNRI, behavioural psychotherapy or SSRI. Also the high degree of comedication as well as high prescription rates for sedatives and phytotonics needs highlightening. The findings overall reveal an unsatisfactory picture of current treatment strategies for GAD patients in primary--especially if compared to depression. Treatments of first choice, SNRI (Venlafaxine SR) and behavioural psychotherapy are prescribed to only the minority of GAD sufferers.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11935666&dopt=Abstract
kwd match effexor online literature
online pharmacies ||
Hair Million herbal formula for hair loss and hair growth ||
Tramadol ||
Antibiotics and prescription medications online literature ||
Antibiotics