Drugs online research references
Nervenarzt. 2001 Jul;72(7):521-8.
[Depressive disorders and antidepressive therapy. A comparison of neurology practice and psychiatric clinic]
[Article in German]
Linden M, Ludewig K, Munz T.
Forschungsgruppe Ambulante Therapie an der Psychiatrischen Klinik und Poliklinik der Freien Universitat Berlin.
It is a question of great importance when psychiatric patients should be treated as inpatients or as outpatients. This decision depends on therapeutic as well as economic considerations. However in depression, as in other mental illnesses, many cases could reasonably be treated as in- or outpatients alike. Despite the importance of this question, there is to our knowledge no epidemiological study which compares patients in inpatient and outpatient settings within the current German medical system. 1300 inpatients and 5376 outpatients were investigated using identical methodologies within a drug utilization study of the antidepressant venlafaxine. Inpatients were found to be more severely ill and have a recurrent course of illness and higher rates of comorbidity. Outpatients more often had a chronic course. Inpatients were treated more often and with a wider variety of medication than outpatients, with the exception of phytopharmaceuticals. Venlafaxine was given in higher doses in the inpatient setting and combined more often with other psychotropic medications. Complaints of adverse drug reactions were comparable in both groups. Nausea was the most frequent, reported by 9.7% of inpatients and 15.2% of outpatients. The data show that the distribution of patients in outpatient and inpatient settings corresponds to the stepwise structure of the German health care system.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11478223&dopt=Abstract
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neuro.ki.se
In the present study, we describe micro-surgical methods for simultaneous implantation of a microdialysis probe and an intraventricular injection cannula via their respective guide cannulas into the mouse brain. Basal and stimulated release of acetylcholine (ACh), serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) was determined in the ventral hippocampus of freely moving mice. NA and 5-HT were determined in one run by a newly developed HPLC method based on precolumn derivatization with benzylamine and fluorescence detection. The mice with a loss-of-function mutation of the galanin gene (KO) and the mice that over-expressed galanin (OE) were studied. No significant differences in basal, potassium-stimulated or scopolamine-induced extracellular ACh levels were observed in 4-month-old wild-type (WT) and KO mice. In the aged, 10-month-old animals, the basal extracellular ACh levels were significantly reduced in both WT and KO groups. Galanin (1 nmol i.c.v.) caused a significant reduction of basal extracellular NA by about 40% in both WT and galanin OE mice, however, in the latter group the effect was delayed by almost 2 h. A 10-min forced swimming stress caused a higher increase in release of NA and 5-HT in the OE group than in the corresponding WT mice. Finally, venlafaxin (10 mg/kg i.p.) increased extracellular NA to 400% of the control values in the CBA mice, but only to 250% in the C57BL mice. It is concluded that galanin may play an important role in the cholinergic mechanisms underlying cognitive disorders. Furthermore, modulation by galanin and by behavioral activation, of NA and 5-HT neurotransmission in galanin over-expressing mice indicates its possible role in the aetiology of mood disorders.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11489302&dopt=Abstract
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J Affect Disord. 1997 Nov;46(2):151-6.
Breast enlargement during chronic antidepressant therapy.
Amsterdam JD, Garcia-Espana F, Goodman D, Hooper M, Hornig-Rohan M.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
Recent reports of mammoplasia during selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) therapy suggested that this side effect may be more common than previously reported. We examined 59 women receiving > or = 2 months treatment with an SSRI or venlafaxine for changes in breast size in relation to menopausal status, weight gain and duration of drug therapy. Serum prolactin, estradiol and beta-hCG were also measured before and during treatment in a subgroup of patients. Twenty-three out of 59 patients (39%) reported some degree of mammoplasia. Significantly more SSRI vs. venlafaxine patients reported mammoplasia (p < 0.01). Eighty-four percent with mammoplasia had weight gain vs. 30% without mammoplasia (p < 0.001). The rate of mammoplasia was unrelated to age, menopausal status or duration of treatment. Serum prolactin increased during treatment in the paroxetine subgroup (p < 0.03). In conclusion, antidepressant-induced mammoplasia may be more common than previously expected.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9479619&dopt=Abstract
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