Drugs online research references
Br J Pharmacol. 1992 Feb;105(2):412-6.
Effects of systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on nociception during tail ischaemia and on reperfusion hyperalgesia in rats.
Gelgor L, Butkow N, Mitchell D.
Department of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa.
1. We have investigated the effects of five non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on nociception during ischaemia and on reperfusion hyperalgesia in rats. 2. We induced tail ischaemia in conscious rats by applying a tourniquet at the base of the tail until the rats exhibited co-ordinated escape behaviour when we released the tourniquet. 3. We assessed hyperalgesia by measuring the tail flick latency following tail immersion in water at 49 degrees C, before applying and immediately after releasing the tourniquet, and then at 30 min intervals for 2 h. 4. Intraperitoneal injection of NSAIDs prior to applying the tourniquet had no effect on the co-ordinated escape behaviour during ischaemia, nor on tail flick latency in the absence of prior ischaemia. However all the drugs attenuated reperfusion hyperalgesia in a log dose-dependent manner. Doses required to abolish hyperalgesia, were indomethacin 5 mg kg-1, diclofenac sodium 42 mg kg-1, ibuprofen 54 mg kg-1, dipyrone 168 mg kg-1 and paracetamol 170 mg kg-1. 5. We conclude that the mechanisms underlying nociception during ischaemia are not the same as those underlying reperfusion hyperalgesia. Moreover our procedure provides a rapid and more humane method for measuring the antinociceptive potency of NSAIDs.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1559131&dopt=Abstract
Am J Med. 1986 Apr 28;80(4B):70-80.
Adverse reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Diclofenac compared with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
O'brien WM.
The most common adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are gastritis, peptic ulceration, and depression of renal function, all of which result primarily from prostaglandin inhibition. The types of side effects observed with diclofenac are similar to those of other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and are unavoidable given that the drugs are prostaglandin inhibitors. However, the incidences of such side effects may be lower with diclofenac than with some of the other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Worldwide experience with diclofenac exceeds 7.6 million patient-years, which should provide estimates of the frequency of very rare adverse reactions. The latter include blood dyscrasias, erythema multiforme, hepatitis, and others, such as aseptic meningitis, anaphylaxis, and urticaria. Moreover, some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs appear to have unique side-effect profiles. Examples include a higher incidence of ulceration and erythema multiforme with piroxicam, and acute pancreatitis, in rare instances, with sulindac. From a careful survey of the world's accumulated literature and reports to CIBA-GEIGY, diclofenac does not appear to have any unusual adverse reactions.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3706353&dopt=Abstract
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996 May;15(5):418-20.
In vitro activity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, phenotiazines, and antidepressants against Brucella species.
Munoz-Criado S, Munoz-Bellido JL, Garcia-Rodriguez JA.
Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain.
The in vitro antimicrobial activity of streptomycin, rifampicin, tetracycline, seven nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (acetyl-salicylic acid, piroxicam, indomethacin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, sulindac, and diclofenac), and eight phenotiazine derivatives and antidepressant agents (clorpromazine, fluphenazine, amitryptiline, clomipramine, imipramine, maprotiline, sertraline, and diazepam) against 62 strains of Brucella spp. was tested. Diclofenac was the most active of the anti-inflammatory agents (MIC90 = 16 micrograms/ml). The activity of the phenotiazines and antidepressants was heterogeneous, with MIC90s ranging from 16 micrograms/ml for sertraline and 32 micrograms/ml for fluphenazine and clomipramine to > 512 micrograms/ml for diazepam. When the six most active anti-inflammatory agents and the six most active psychiatric drugs were tested at pH 5 and pH 4, the MICs remained unchanged except for those of fluphenazine; the MIC50 and MIC90 of this agent increased by one dilution.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8793405&dopt=Abstract
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