Drugs online research references
J Chemother. 1990 Oct;2(5):300-5.
Influence of new quinolones on normal immune capabilities.
Tawfik AF, Shoeb HA, Bishop SJ, al-Shammary FJ, Shibl AM.
Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin were investigated for immunomodulatory activity on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin altered the humoral immune responses of mice to sheep red blood cells. This effect was not exhibited by norfloxacin or ofloxacin. All four quinolones did not alter cell-mediated responses. When these antimicrobial agents were tested for their interaction with human polymorphonuclear phagocytic activity, all agents suppressed this activity. In addition, all except norfloxacin showed anti-inflammatory activity.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2090768&dopt=Abstract
Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1988;14(6):375-8.
Correlation of in vitro activities of the fluoroquinolones to their in vivo efficacies.
Fernandes PB, Swanson RN.
Anti-infective Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064.
The new fluoroquinolones have activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In order to differentiate between the compounds, the authors have compared their in vitro activities and correlated these results with their in vivo efficacies. Norfloxacin (N), pefloxacin (P), enoxacin (E), ofloxacin (O), difloxacin (D), ciprofloxacin (C), fleroxacin (F), A-61827 (A), temafloxacin (T) and lomefloxacin (L) were used in these studies. In vitro, C was the most active compound against Gram-negative aerobic bacteria and A was the most active compound against Gram-positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria. In mouse protection tests, C, D, A, O, T and F had similar activities against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. D, T and A were the most active quinolones against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes and Strep. pneumoniae in mouse protection tests. D was the most active agent against intracellular infection with Salmonella typhimurium, followed by O, T, A and F. The other compounds were ineffective in this test. All the quinolones were effective in treating E. coli pyelonephritis in mice. The doses required to treat P. aeruginosa pyelonephritis in mice were four times greater than those required to treat E. coli. Resistant P. aeruginosa mutants could be isolated from the kidneys after quinolone treatment. Systemic infections with E. coli, Staph. aureus and P. aeruginosa in neutropenic mice required high doses of the fluoroquinolones and F, T and A were ineffective at doses of 100 mg/kg against P. aeruginosa in this model. Differences in in vitro potencies were not reflected in in vivo efficacies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3145851&dopt=Abstract
J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990 Dec;26 Suppl F:37-46.
Management of institutional outbreaks of Salmonella gastroenteritis.
Lightfoot NF, Ahmad F, Cowden J.
Regional Public Health Laboratory, General Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
The number of reports of outbreaks of salmonella gastroenteritis in hospitals has decreased since 1984 but the number of outbreaks in institutions such as old peoples' homes have increased during 1988. Foods, particularly chickens, remain a source of salmonellae and particular attention has to be paid to training and practices in food preparation areas. Staff who are convalescent are very unlikely to be sources of salmonella and do not need to be excluded unless they handle food that receives no further cooking. Outbreaks that do occur can usually be controlled by patient isolation and good control-of-infection measures and an effective Major Outbreak Control Plan is necessary. In some large old hospitals cross infection outbreaks may continue despite good control-of-infection measures. Antibiotics have been contraindicated in the treatment of salmonella gastroenteritis, but the new 4-quinolone antibiotics have demonstrated potential. Ciprofloxacin was used successfully in two outbreaks of salmonella gastroenteritis at a dose of 500 mg bd orally for seven days. Relapses did not occur and resistance did not develop. Ciprofloxacin should be considered as a therapeutic adjunct to control of infection measures in cross infection outbreaks in these situations.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2292544&dopt=Abstract
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