Drugs online research references
Equine Vet J. 1997 Sep;29(5):378-81.
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in horses after single intravenous and intramuscular administration.
Kaartinen L, Panu S, Pyorala S.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Pharmacokinetic behaviour of enrofloxacin was studied in 6 horses after intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration of enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg bwt). Concentration of enrofloxacin and ciproflaxin were measured by high performance liquid chromatography in serum. Antimicrobial activity of the samples was determined with an agar-diffusion technique. Reactions at the site of i.m. injection were monitored clinically and by determination of serum creatine kinase (CK) activity. After i.v. administration, elimination half-life of enrofloxacin was 4.4 h and volume of distribution was 2.3 1/kg bwt. Enrofloxacin was rapidly metabolised to ciprofloxacin. The half-life of ciprofloxacin parallelled that of the parent drug, its concentration in serum reached 20-35% of that of the parent drug. After i.m. administration, elimination half-life of enrofloxacin was longer (9.9 h) than after i.v. administration. Mean absorption time of enrofloxacin was also long (9.9 h). No statistically significant differences were found when half-life and mean residence time of antimicrobial activity were compared with those of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin from chemically analysed data. Intramuscular injection of enrofloxacin was found to be very irritating. After i.m. administration, CK activity in serum, compared with pre-injection levels, increased over 10-fold. CK activity also stayed high during the 32 h follow-up period. Clinical reactions, such as swelling or tenderness at the i.m. injection sites, were observed in 2 horses.
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nam.fi
The pharmacokinetic behaviour of enrofloxacin was compared in four one-day-old and four one-week-old calves in order to find out if there were any age-related differences. Mean volume of distribution (Vd(ss)) and clearance (Cl) were significantly smaller in newborn calves: Vd(ss) was 1.8 and 2.3 L/kg, while clearance was 0.19 and 0.39 L/kg.h in newborn and one-week-old calves, respectively. Mean elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) did not differ significantly in newborn and in one-week-old calves: mean t1/2 beta was 6.6 h and 4.9 h, respectively. Enrofloxacin was metabolized to ciprofloxacin both by newborn and one-week-old calves, but the maximum concentration (Cmax) of ciprofloxacin was lower and the time when maximum concentration was reached (tmax) later in newborn calves. We conclude that the dosage of enrofloxacin should be adjusted according to age when administered to very young calves.
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Avian Dis. 1990 Oct-Dec;34(4):1017-22.
Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin in African grey parrots treated with medicated water.
Flammer K, Aucoin DP, Whitt DA, Prus SA.
Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606.
Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin were measured four times during a 7-day treatment period in African grey parrots that were fed with enrofloxacin-medicated drinking water. Water medicated at doubling doses of 0.09, 0.19, 0.38, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mg/ml achieved mean concentrations (+/- SEM) of 0.10 (+/- 0.05), 0.12 (+/- 0.05), 0.12 (+/- 0.03), 0.15 (+/- 0.05), 0.30 (+/- 0.11), and 0.20 (+/- 0.06) micrograms/ml, respectively. A portion of the administered enrofloxacin was metabolized to an equipotent metabolite, ciprofloxacin. Mean ciprofloxacin concentrations paralleled enrofloxacin concentrations but were lower, ranging from 0.04 to 0.27 micrograms/ml. Acceptance of medicated water was adequate at lower doses; however, at doses of 1.5 and 3.0 mg/ml, acceptance was unsatisfactory, and mean weight loss in these groups was significantly higher than the control group. Based on the concentrations achieved in these preliminary trials and the susceptibility patterns of gram-negative bacteria isolated from psittacine birds, drinking water medicated with enrofloxacin at 0.19-0.75 mg/ml might be effective for treating highly susceptible gram-negative bacterial infections in African grey parrots.
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