Drugs online research references
Am J Vet Res. 1994 Sep;55(9):1313-8.
Placental transfer of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in rabbits.
Aramayona JJ, Garcia MA, Fraile LJ, Abadia AR, Bregante MA.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, Spain.
Placental transfer of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was evaluated, using a rabbit in situ perfusion model. A two-step infusion program was carried out to obtain steady-state maternal plasma concentrations of these drugs. For each compound, the placenta in 5 rabbits was perfused for 200 minutes with Earle's enriched bicarbonate buffer at flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. To assess reliability of the model, most of the determinants of placental transfer (maternal and fetal pH, gas balance, heart status, rectal temperature, and protein binding) were controlled. In addition, the infusion program included administration of antipyrine, a commonly used indicator of placental exchange. Drug concentrations were measured in maternal plasma and perfusate by use of a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay. Plasma protein-binding estimation indicated no differences between the drugs. Placental clearance of the drugs was significantly (P < 0.01) different (0.88 +/- 0.13 ml/min for enrofloxacin and 0.06 +/- 0.02 ml/min for ciprofloxacin). These values accounted for 81 and 5%, respectively, of the placental clearance found for antipyrine. These results indicate that caution must be taken when enrofloxacin is to be used during pregnancy, and suggest the need to extend this type of experiment to species that can be exposed to these drugs used for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7802401&dopt=Abstract
Pharmacol Toxicol. 1997 May;80(5):246-50.
Bioavailability of enrofloxacin after oral administration to fed and fasted pigs.
Nielsen P, Gyrd-Hansen N.
Department of Pharmacology and Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
The disposition of enrofloxacin was measured after intravenous and oral administration to pigs. Eight clinically healthy pigs weighing 25 to 40 kg received a dose of 5 mg/kg intravenously and 10 mg/kg orally in both a fasted and a fed condition in a three-way cross-over design. Enrofloxacin was present in plasma for up to 72 hr after both intravenous and oral administration to fasted as well as fed pigs. The steady state volume of distribution was determined to 3.9 +/- 0.5 1/kg body weight which indicates that enrofloxacin was widely distributed in the body. The bioavailability was determined to 83 +/- 13% in fed and to 101 +/- 32% in fasted pigs. Based on the bioavailability and the resulting plasma concentrations it is concluded that a therapeutically active concentration for the most common porcine microbial pathogens are maintained for at least 24 hr after oral administration of 10 mg/kg body weight to fasted as well as to fed pigs. Ciprofloxacin which is an active metabolite of enrofloxacin was observed in plasma samples from all treated pigs, but the concentration never exceeded 0.1 microgram/ml. During the first 24 hr after the administration of enrofloxacin the concentration of the metabolite made up less than 10% of the corresponding concentration of the parent compound.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9181604&dopt=Abstract
Scand J Infect Dis. 1986;18(2):149-51.
Comparative in vitro activities of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin against Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium difficile.
Edlund C, Nord CE.
The in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin against 99 Bacteroides fragilis strains and 105 Clostridium difficile strains were determined by the agar dilution method. Ofloxacin was the most potent agent. The MIC for 90% of the B. fragilis and C. difficile strains was 8 mg/l. Ciprofloxacin had MIC90's of 16 mg/l for B. fragilis and C. difficile. The MIC90's of pefloxacin against B. fragilis and C. difficile were 32 mg/l. 90% of the B. fragilis strains were inhibited by 32 mg/l enoxacin, while the MIC90's of enoxacin as well as of norfloxacin against C. difficile were 64 mg/l. The lowest activity against B. fragilis was obtained with norfloxacin (MIC90's of 128 mg/l). Since serum levels of these agents are reported to be between 1 and 3 mg/l after orally administered doses, B. fragilis and C. difficile should be regarded as insusceptible to these quinolone compounds.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2939556&dopt=Abstract
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