Drugs online research references
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992 Nov;11(11):990-3.
Widespread occurrence of multiple drug-resistant Salmonella typhi in India.
Threlfall EJ, Ward LR, Rowe B, Raghupathi S, Chandrasekaran V, Vandepitte J, Lemmens P.
WHO Collaborating Centre for Phage Typing and Resistance in Enterobacteria, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, UK.
Sixteen multiple drug resistant strains of Salmonella typhi belonging to Vi-phage types E1 (14) and O (2) and isolated in Southeast India in 1991 were characterized. All strains were resistant to chloramphenicol and the majority to trimethoprim and ampicillin. In all strains these resistances were encoded by plasmids of the H1 incompatibility group with molecular weights ranging from 110 to 120 megadaltons. Physicians in European countries should be aware that treatment may fail if patients with typhoid fever who have recently returned from the Indian sub-continent are given first-line treatment with chloramphenicol, trimethoprim or ampicillin. With the possible exception of young children, ciprofloxacin is currently the best choice for treatment of such patients.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1295768&dopt=Abstract
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Oct;38(10):2477-9.
Association between double mutation in gyrA gene of ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and MICs.
Vila J, Ruiz J, Marco F, Barcelo A, Goni P, Giralt E, Jimenez de Anta T.
Hospital Clinic, Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
The mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of the gyrA and gyrB genes from 27 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli with a range of MICs of ciprofloxacin from 0.007 to 128 micrograms/ml and of nalidixic acid from 2 to > 2,000 micrograms/ml were determined by DNA sequencing. All 15 isolates with ciprofloxacin MICs of > or = 1 micrograms/ml showed a change in Ser-83 to Leu of GyrA protein, whereas in clinical isolates with a MIC of > or = 8 micrograms/ml (11 strains), a double change in Ser-83 and Asp-87 was found. All isolates with a MIC of nalidixic acid of > or = 128 micrograms/ml showed a mutation at amino acid codon Ser-83. Only 1 of the 27 clinical isolates of E. coli analyzed showed a change in Lys-447 of the B subunit of DNA gyrase. A change in Ser-83 is sufficient to generate a high level of resistance to nalidixic acid, whereas a second mutation at Asp-87 in the A subunit of DNA gyrase may play a complementary role in developing the strain's high levels of ciprofloxacin resistance.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7840592&dopt=Abstract
Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1995 Oct;38(4):365-8.
In vitro susceptibility of multiple drug resistant Salmonella typhimurium to newer fluroquinolone derivatives.
Shetty M, Shivananda PG.
Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal.
A total of 105 strains of Salmonella typhimurium resistant to Ampicillin, Co-trimoxazole and Nalidixic acid were included in the present study. Among the new line of Fluroquinolones resistance to Ciprofloxacin (3.8%), Norflox (16.19%) and Ofloxacin (24.76%) was very low as compared to older antibiotics. All the 3 fluoroquinolones had MIC values less than 1 mcg/ml.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9726145&dopt=Abstract
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