Drugs online research references
Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Apr;6(2):179-82.
Comparative in vitro activity of amifloxacin and five other fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents and preliminary criteria for the disk susceptibility test.
Barry AL, Jones RN.
Amifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone with a spectrum of activity similar to that of ofloxacin, pefloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. For disk susceptibility tests, 10 micrograms amifloxacin disks are recommended with zone size interpretive standards of less than or equal to 16 mm and greater than or equal to 20 mm for the resistant and susceptible categories respectively.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3474145&dopt=Abstract
Br J Dermatol. 1997 Mar;136(3):326-30.
Photo hen's egg test: a model for phototoxicity.
Neumann NJ, Holzle E, Lehmann P, Rosenbruch M, Klaucic A, Plewig G.
Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany.
The aim of this investigation was to establish a new model for phototoxicity which is more advanced than the widely used cultures of yeasts, bacteria or cells of various origin, and at the same time to avoid animal testing. We studied the extraembryonal vasculature of the incubated hen's egg. This model was originally introduced by toxicologists as an alternative to the rabbit's eye irritation test (Draize test). In the photo hen's egg test, substances are applied to the embryo's yolk-sac blood vessel system at a non-toxic concentration and are irradiated with 5 J/cm2 ultraviolet A (UVA) (320-400 nm). Promethazine, haematoporphyrin, ciprofloxacin and 8-methoxypsoralen were tested in this system. Death of the embryo, membrane discoloration and haemorrhage are parameters for phototoxic damage, which were recorded during an observation period of 24 h. These well-known phototoxic substances induced pronounced damage of the yolk-sac membrane and blood vessels which was not found in the controls (test substance alone, UVA alone or untreated) using a 2 x 2 factorial test design. The photo hen's egg test serves as a valid screening model for substances supposed to be photosensitizers owing to a phototoxic mechanism.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9115909&dopt=Abstract
J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990 Jan;25(1):91-101.
Lomefloxacin-induced modification of the kinetics of growth of gram-negative bacteria and susceptibility to phagocytic killing by human neutrophils.
Pruul H, McDonald PJ.
Department of Clinical Microbiology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia.
The post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of lomefloxacin against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined and compared with various other antibiotics. All the quinolones tested, and chloramphenicol and gentamicin, possessed PAE activity. At 10 x MIC and 30 min exposure, the PAEs against E. coli were 1.6, 1.3, and 1.8 h for lomefloxacin, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin respectively, and for P. aeruginosa the equivalent PAEs were 1.1, 1 and 0.5 h. The lomefloxacin PAE was dose-dependent and exposure for 5 min was sufficient to give optimal PAE at high concentrations of lomefloxacin. Such brief exposure rapidly blocked bacterial nucleic acid biosynthesis. Lomefloxacin pretreated bacteria were more susceptible to killing by PMN than untreated bacteria. Optimum enhancement of phagocytic killing of E. coli occurred when exposure to lomefloxacin was associated with an 80% decrease in cfu during pretreatment. Maximum PMN activity against P. aeruginosa occurred when bacteria were exposed to lomefloxacin producing change in cfu of +0.2 log10 to -0.7 log10. These results indicate that phenotypic changes of P. aeruginosa and E. coli exposed to lomefloxacin render the bacteria more susceptible to phagocytic killing.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2108116&dopt=Abstract
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