Drugs online research references





Ration Drug Ther. 1984 Mar;18(3):1-5.
Captopril and enalapril: angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.

Ferguson RK, Vlasses PH, Riley LJ Jr.

PMID: 6093192


Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2000;42(1):47-51.
Effects of ACE-inhibitors on learning and memory processes in rats.

Nikolova JG, Getova DP, Nikolov FP.

Department of Physiology, Higher Medical Institute, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

INTRODUCTION: Besides their well known effect on systemic blood vessels and heart, ACE inhibitors are supposed to have an effect on CNS by changing the local peptide-protein system. AIM: To study the effect of ACE-inhibitors on learning and memory processes using active and passive avoidance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were used; the animals were divided into 4 groups of 20 animals each. Distilled water (group C), captopril 1.5 mg/kg (group E1), trandolapril 2 mg/daily (group E2), and oxiracetam 0.1 mg/kg (group E3), respectively, were given orally 60 minutes before the test. Active (shuttle box) and passive (step-through) avoidance tests with standard configuration were used. RESULTS: The experimental and control animals increased the number of avoidances during the learning session of the active avoidance test; groups C, E1 and E2 showed no change in the number of escapes and intertrial crossings; in group E3 animals both variables were decreased. In memory retention test the experimental animals increased the number of avoidances in comparison to the controls. No difference was found in the number of escapes and intertrial crossings. In passive avoidance test all animals showed prolonged latencies during the learning session. In the early and late retention test prolonged latencies were found only in the experimental animals. CONCLUSION: The ACE inhibitors captopril and trandolapril improve learning and memory in active and passive avoidance tests comparable to the effect of the nootropic drug oxiracetam.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10979177&dopt=Abstract




Curr Hypertens Rep. 1999 Dec;1(6):512-20.
Controversies surrounding the treatment of the hypertensive patient with diabetes.

Prisant LM, Louard RJ.

BBR-6515A, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 20912-3105, USA.

Diabetes mellitus without previous myocardial infarction carries the same risk of a future myocardial infarction as someone who has had one. Intense glucose, lipid, and blood pressure control in diabetic patients is advocated to reduce cardiovascular events and decrease the incidence of end-stage renal disease, retinal damage, and peripheral vascular disease. Recent studies, including the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program, indicate that low-dose diuretics, compared with placebo, reduce fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarctions but not fatal and nonfatal strokes in diabetic patients. Similarly, captopril (and diuretics) compared with diuretics and beta-blockers decreased fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarctions but not fatal and nonfatal strokes in the Captopril Prevention Project. Intense blood pressure therapy with captopril and intense blood pressure therapy with atenolol equally lowered macrovascular and microvascular events compared with less intense blood pressure treatment in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study. Fewer myocardial infarctions were seen with enalapril than with nisoldipine in the Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes trial. Intense blood pressure control with felodipine, enalapril, and hydrochlorothiazide reduced overall cardiovascular events and mortality but not myocardial infarction and strokes in the Hypertension Optimal Treatment trial. Nitrendipine alone or together with enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide decreased fatal and nonfatal strokes and cardiovascular mortality but not myocardial infarctions in the Systolic Hypertension in Europe trial. These trials, in aggregate, reinforce the importance of intense blood pressure control, which can be achieved only with combination drug therapy rather than a specific monotherapy drug class recommendation.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10981115&dopt=Abstract












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