Drugs online research references
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1992 Jul;34(1):32-9.
The influence of gastrointestinal transit on drug absorption in healthy volunteers.
Riley SA, Sutcliffe F, Kim M, Kapas M, Rowland M, Turnberg LA.
Department of Medicine, Hope Hospital, Manchester.
1. The effect of variability of gastric emptying and oro-caecal transit on the absorption of a multicomponent solution of frusemide, atenolol, hydrochlorthiazide and salicylic acid has been studied in six healthy subjects. Each subject was studied on five separate occasions: three times under basal conditions, once following metoclopramide and once following codeine pretreatment in an attempt to speed and slow transit respectively. 2. Inter-subject variability of gastric emptying, oro-caecal transit and the rate and extent of drug absorption was considerable. 3. The absorption of salicylic acid appeared rate-limited by gastric emptying but the rate and extent of frusemide, atenolol and hydrochlorthiazide absorption were unrelated to measures of gastric emptying or oro-caecal transit. 4. Codeine phosphate caused a two-fold delay in oro-caecal transit but did not influence gastric emptying while metoclopramide had no significant effect on either function. 5. Metoclopramide and codeine had no significant effect on the rate or extent of absorption of any of the study drugs. 6. Within the limits of this experiment, oro-caecal transit time did not appear to be an important determinant of frusemide, atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide or salicylic acid absorption. Other factors must account for the observed variability in drug absorption.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1633065&dopt=Abstract
Life Sci. 1985 May 27;36(21):2075-83.
Hepatic cyclic AMP generation and ornithine decarboxylase induction by glucagon and beta adrenergic agonists.
Evoniuk G, Kuhn CM, Schanberg SM.
The relationship of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity to cyclic AMP levels and nutritional status was studied in the pre-weanling rat. Previous studies demonstrated that 2 hr without food causes a loss of hepatic ODC induction after glucagon or catecholamine injection. Isoproterenol or glucagon administration produced increased hepatic cyclic AMP and tyrosine aminotransferase activity which were not prevented by nutritional deprivation. Blockade of hepatic beta 2 receptors by the selective antagonist ICI 118,551 prevented increased cAMP levels and ODC activity after isoproterenol administration. Blockade of beta 1 receptors by atenolol did not prevent increased cAMP levels or ODC induction by isoproterenol although it did block activation of cardiac ODC. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor RO20-1724 increased hepatic cAMP levels as well as ODC and TAT activities, although the increase in ODC activity was attenuated by nutritional deprivation. RO20-1724 also potentiated the induction of hepatic ODC after glucagon or isoproterenol administration. Administration of 8-bromo cAMP elevated hepatic ODC activity regardless of nutritional status but also elevated serum levels of growth hormone and corticosterone. Hepatic ODC induction by glucagon or beta 2 agonists can be dissociated from changes in cAMP levels during nutritional deprivation.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2860551&dopt=Abstract
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1987 Nov;243(2):731-6.
Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide as cardiotonic neurotransmitter in guinea pig left atria.
Saito A, Ishikawa T, Kimura S, Goto K.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki-ken, Japan.
A potential neurotransmitter role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) nerves was examined in the left atrium of guinea pigs. In the presence of atenolol (beta-adrenoceptor antagonist), prazosin (alpha adrenoceptor antagonist) and atropine (muscarinic antagonist), transmural nerve stimulation (TNS) elicited a positive inotropic response which was slow in both onset and decay. Inasmuch as this TNS-induced positive inotropic response was abolished by tetrodotoxin, it can be considered that the response was mediated by intracardiac NANC nerves. Numerous CGRP-like immunoreactive nerves were detected in the left atrium. Exogenously applied CGRP produced a positive inotropic response in a dose-dependent manner. Neither substance P nor vasoactive intestinal polypeptide exerted a positive inotropic effect. CGRP-like immunoreactive nerves and the TNS-induced NANC response was not affected by surgical sympathectomy of the heart or reserpine pretreatment but were specifically abolished by the pretreatment of animals with capsaicin. These results suggest that CGRP is the potential neurotransmitter of NANC nerves in the left atrium of guinea pigs.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2890760&dopt=Abstract
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