Drugs online research references
J Indian Med Assoc. 1995 Feb;93(2):58-9, 48.
Eclampsia.
Patwardhan VB.
Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India, Mahapalika Marg, Bombay.
PIP: The maternal mortality rate associated with eclampsia ranges from 100 to 6000 per 100,000, and the perinatal mortality rate ranges from 150 to 400 per 1000. Both eclampsia and its preceding condition, pregnancy-induced hypertension, occur in varying degrees in different parts of India. The warning signs of imminent eclampsia are 1) systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg or more on two occasions six hours apart when the patient is on bed rest; 2) proteinuria of 5 g or more in 24 hours or 3 + or more by semiquantitative assay; 3) oliguria or anuria; 4) cerebral or visual disturbances; 5) pulmonary edema or cyanosis; and 6) epigastric/right hypochondriac pain, impaired liver function, and thrombocytopenia and coagulation disorders. Eclampsia is classified as the acute fulminating type, which can occur without warning, and the insidious type. Most cases (61%) show onset of eclampsia during the prenatal period. Treatment of eclampsia involves 1) control of convulsions (through an injection of magnesium sulphate or diazepam or the intravenous administration of phenytoin); 2) correction of hypoxia and acidosis; 3) a gradual lowering of blood pressure with hydralazine hydrochloride, nifedipine, atenolol, labetalol, oxprenolol, or metoprolol); and 4) steps to effect delivery. Diagnosis of HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) requires a complete blood count, blood film for platelet count and red blood cell fragmentation, and a coagulation screen for diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Efforts to induce delivery in cases of prenatal eclampsia can take place 12-24 hours after convulsions have stopped. There is no reason to prolong pregnancy in the interests of the fetus, and in some cases Cesarean section may be required. Adequate prenatal care should allow the identification of almost every potential case of eclampsia and allow the prompt treatment of pre-eclampsia or termination of pregnancy when necessary. Medical staff must receive proper training to diagnose pre-eclampsia and treat the condition.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7658039&dopt=Abstract
Pharmacol Res. 1992 Sep;26(2):173-8.
Splanchnic haemodynamic effects of ketanserin in anaesthetized cirrhotic rats.
Ghia M, Mereto E, Mattioli F, Dagnino F, Testa R.
Institute of Pharmacology, University of Genoa, Italy.
The effects of ketanserin, atenolol and their association on portal vein pressure (PVP), portal and caval bile acid concentrations (PBA and CBA), and extraction ratio of bile acids (ER) after oral loading with chenodeoxycholic acid were investigated in anaesthetized cirrhotic rats. PVP was significantly reduced by ketanserin and by the association ketanserin plus atenolol; PBA was significantly decreased in all the treated groups, whereas the reduction of CBA was significant only in the rats treated with ketanserin and atenolol alone. ER was increased by atenolol and ketanserin, but it was not modified by their association. Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between PBA and CBA and between PVP and ER. These results suggest that, in anaesthetized cirrhotic rats, ketanserin reduces PVP probably through more complex mechanisms than the simple indirect reduction of portal flow, and that the association of ketanserin plus atenolol has no additive effect in reducing PVP.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1409257&dopt=Abstract
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1978 Dec 27;305(3):201-6.
Correlation between the effects of salbutamol on contractions and cyclic AMP content of isolated fast-and slow-contracting muscles of the guinea pig.
Al-Jeboory AA, Marshall RJ.
The effects of isoprenaline and salbutamol on incomplete tetanic contractions of the isolated soleus (slow contracting) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL-fast-contracting) muscles of the guinea pig were studied and an attempt made to correlate these effects on contractility with changes in cyclic AMP concentrations. Salbutamol was 10-12 times less potent than (+/-)isoprenaline in decreasing the force of subtetanic contractions in the soleus and between 5-6 times less potent in increasing the force of subtetanic contractions in the EDL. This observation plus the lack of activity of both the selective beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist (atenolol) and the selective beta1 agonist (H 133/22) in the EDL implies involvement of beta2-adrenoceptors in these responses of the muscles to isoprenaline and salbutamol. The soleus muscle was about 6-12 times more sensitive to effects of beta-adrenoceptor agonists than the EDL. In concentrations which produced effects on muscle contractility, salbutamol significantly elevated cyclic AMP concentrations in both types of muscle. These effects were antagonised by propranolol. It seems clear that the contrasting effects of sympathomimetic amines on slow-and fast contracting muscle are mediated through a common mechanism-elevation of cyclic AMP. Possible explanations of this apparent paradox are discussed.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=216932&dopt=Abstract
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