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ksu.edu.sa

A kinetic spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of ampicillin (I) and amoxicillin (II). The method involves hydrolysis of the antibiotics with 1.0 M HCl, neutralization with 1.0 M NaOH followed by addition of palladium(II) chloride in the presence of 2 M KCl. The produced yellow colour is measured at 335 nm. The proposed method is valid over the concentration range 8-40 microg/ml and 10-40 microg/ml for I and II respectively with minimum detectability of 0.73 microg/ml and 0.76 microg/ml for I and II respectively. The determination of the studied compounds adopting the fixed concentration method is feasible with the calibration equations obtained, but the fixed time method has been found to be more applicable. The proposed method was applied to commercial dosage forms and the results obtained were in good agreement with those given by USP method.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11204942&dopt=Abstract




Am J Vet Res. 2000 Aug;61(8):992-6.
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of amoxicillin in healthy and Salmonella Typhimurium-inoculated pigs.

Agerso H, Friis C, Nielsen JP.

Department of Pharmacology and Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.

OBJECTIVE: To determine pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of amoxicillin in healthy and Salmonella Typhimurium-inoculated pigs. ANIMALS: 12 healthy pigs and 12 S Typhimurium-inoculated pigs. PROCEDURE: Concentration of amoxicillin in tissue was measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after IM administration. Pharmacokinetic values of amoxicillin in plasma were assessed by use of a 1-compartment model with first-order absorption. RESULTS: Inoculation caused diarrhea and increased rectal temperature and WBC count. Absorption half-life was shorter in inoculated pigs (0.26 hours) than in healthy pigs (0.71 hours), and inoculated pigs had longer elimination half-life. Distribution ratios in healthy pigs ranged from 0.31 to 0.56 and in inoculated pigs ranged from 0.14 to 0.48. Ratios for distribution to intestinal mucosa ranged from 0.34 to 1.16 in healthy pigs and from 0.22 to 0.36 in inoculated pigs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Salmonella Typhimurium inoculation altered absorption of amoxicillin from the injection site and prolonged elimination half-life. However, distribution of amoxicillin to intestinal tract tissue was only affected to a minor degree.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10951996&dopt=Abstract

ics.scs.es

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the degree of utilization of generic drugs in Spain and Catalonia. To determine real savings and scope for further savings due to the use of generic drugs. DESIGN: Descriptive, crossover study. SETTING: Public health prescription in Spain and Catalonia in June of 1999 and in Catalonia from January to June of 1999. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In June of 1999, the market share of generic drugs in Spain was 1.15% in units and 0.91% in pesetas of the hole drug prescription. The most used were oral ranitidine, oral diclofenac and oral amoxicillin. Catalonia, in this period, has a greater relative utilization of generic drugs, specially in psychotherapeutic agents like alprazolam and fluoxetine. During the first semester of 1999 only in 9.9% of the occasions where generic drugs could be used, were they actually prescribed. Specifically, the drug most used in its generic form was oral diclofenac with 27.1% of the all possible prescriptions. The real savings generated by the generic drugs were 0.2% of the public pharmaceutical bill, and the theoretical capacity of savings with the current generic offer were 2.3%. CONCLUSIONS: There is a low but fast-rising utilization of generic drugs in Spain and Catalonia. Nevertheless the possibilities of savings are at the moment, in relative terms, small. A greater use of them and specially a diversification of the offer is necessary to achieve important relative savings in the overall pharmaceutical bill.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11100580&dopt=Abstract












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