Drugs online research references
J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Aug;23(4):223-8.
Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) following single dose intravenous administration: implications for interspecific dose scaling.
Gulland FM, Stoskopf MK, Johnson SP, Riviere J, Papich MG.
The Marine Mammal Center, Marin Headlands, GGNRA, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA.
The pharmacokinetics of sodium amoxicillin after a single intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg were determined in ten harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and ten northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). The seals ranged in age from 1 to 6 months and the mean weights were 11.7 kg (range, 9.5-18.5 kg) for harbor seals and 47.1 kg (range, 39.5-61.4 kg) for elephant seals. The median half-life of amoxicillin (quartiles) in harbor seals, 1.5 (1.0-3.1) h. was not statistically different from that of elephant seals, 2.0 (1.4-3.8) h, nor were the differences between the terminal elimination rate constants between the two species. The only statistically significant differences between species were for area-under-the-curve (AUC), and total systemic clearance. The lack of statistical significance for differences in the volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) may have been due to minor differences in the time frame of data collection and dose administered between the two groups. A true physiologic difference in drug handling, possibly related to renal perfusion or tubal secretory efficiency could affect amoxicillin kinetics in these species, and longer administration intervals may be appropriate for elephant seals as compared to harbor seals when administering multiple dose amoxicillin therapy at 20 mg/kg.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11126323&dopt=Abstract
J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Jan;39(1):394-7.
High levels of resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori strains in children.
Kalach N, Bergeret M, Benhamou PH, Dupont C, Raymond J.
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Hopital Saint Vincent de Paul, Universite Paris V-Rene Descartes, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of resistance to amoxicillin, metronidazole, and clarithromycin before treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and to assess the evolution of resistance with time. The study was carried out between 1994 and 1999 with 150 H. pylori-positive children through gastric culture (antimicrobial susceptibility) and histology. All cultured H. pylori strains were sensitive to amoxicillin, 64 (43%) were resistant to metronidazole, 32 (21%) were resistant to clarithromycin, and 14 (9%) were resistant to both metronidazole and clarithromycin. The overall prevalence of resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin did not change significantly with time. The study highlights the generalized high-level and stable metronidazole and clarithromycin resistance of H. pylori strains from children.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11136811&dopt=Abstract
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Feb;45(2):447-53.
OXA-28, an extended-spectrum variant of OXA-10 beta-lactamase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its plasmid- and integron-located gene.
Poirel L, Girlich D, Naas T, Nordmann P.
Service de Bacteriologie-Virologie, Hopital de Bicetre, Assistance Publique/Hopitaux de Paris, Faculte de Medecine Paris-Sud, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ED-1, isolated from a pulmonary brush of a patient hospitalized in a suburb of Paris, France, was resistant to ceftazidime and of intermediate susceptibility to ureidopenicillins and to cefotaxime. Cloning and expression of the beta-lactamase gene content of this isolate in Escherichia coli DH10B identified a novel OXA-10 variant, OXA-28, with a pI value of 8.1 and a molecular mass of 29 kDa. It differed from OXA-10 by 10 amino acid changes and from OXA-13 and OXA-19 by 2 amino acid changes, including a glycine instead of tryptophan at position 164, which is likely involved in its resistance to ceftazidime. Like OXA-11, -14, -16, and -19 and as opposed to OXA-17, OXA-28 predominantly compromised ceftazidime and had only marginal effect on the MICs of aztreonam and cefotaxime in P. aeruginosa. Once expressed in E. coli, OXA-28 raised the MIC of ceftazidime to a much higher level than those of amoxicillin, cephalothin, and cefotaxime (128, 16, 8, and 4 microg/ml, respectively). OXA-28 beta-lactamase had a broad spectrum of activity, including ceftazidime. Its activity was partially antagonized by clavulanic acid (50% inhibitory concentration, 10 microM) and NaCl addition. The oxa28 gene cassette was inserted in the variable region of a class 1 integron, In57, immediately downstream of an amino 6'-N-acetyltransferase gene cassette, aac(6')Ib. The structures of the integrons carrying either oxa28, oxa13, or oxa19 gene cassettes were almost identical, suggesting that they may have derived from a common ancestor as a result of the common European origin of the P. aeruginosa isolates. In57 was located on a self-transferable plasmid of ca. 150 kb that was transferred from P. aeruginosa to P. aeruginosa.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11158739&dopt=Abstract
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