Drugs online research references
Rev Latinoam Microbiol. 1998 Jul-Dec;40(3-4):128-34.
Effect of beta-lactamase inhibitors on minimum inhibitory concentration of ampicillin and amoxicillin for Staphylococcus aureus strains.
Paniagua GL, Monroy E, Garcia O, Vaca S.
Escuela Nacional de Estudios Profesionales Iztacala, UNAM, Mexico.
Seventy strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the nasopharynx (80%), urinary tract (16%), skin (1 strain) and eyes (2 strains) of patients at the clinical laboratory "El eritrocito" were analyzed. Susceptibility to 12 antibiotics was tested by the method of Kirby-Bauer. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ampicillin, ampicillin + sulbactam, amoxicillin and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid were determined by plate dilution. Percentages of resistance were: Penicillin and ampicillin (100%), ceftazidime (81.4%), erythromycin (68.6%), tetracycline (31.4%) trimethoprim-sulphametoxasol (25.7%), dicloxacillin and pefloxacin (12.8%), cefuroxime and cefotaxime (4.3%), gentamicin (2.8%), cephalothin (0%). All strains were resistant to three or more antibiotics, with higher percentages of resistance to four (31.4%), three (27.1%), five (21.4%) and six (12.9%) drugs. One strain was resistant to nine antibiotics and 5.9% were resistant to seven. 97.5% of the strains were beta-lactamase-positive. The MIC50 of ampicillin and amoxicillin was 500 micrograms/ml and the MIC90 were 1727 micrograms/ml and 2000 micrograms/ml, respectively. beta-lactamase inhibitors sulbactam and clavulanic acid reduced these values eightfold, except for the MIC50 of ampicillin + sulbactam whose reduction was sixteen fold. These results show that the combination of beta-lactamic + beta-lactamase inhibitor was more efficient than cephalosporins for killing these beta-lactamase-positive strains.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10932741&dopt=Abstract
u.washington.edu
BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are important in the management and prophylaxis of infection in patients at risk of experiencing microbial disease. As a result of the increase in antimicrobial resistance, the authors conducted a survey to assess current antibiotic use in dental practice. METHODS: The authors mailed a two-page, pretested survey to all licensed dental practitioners in British Columbia, Canada. A total of 2,542 surveys were mailed; 19.9 percent were returned by fax or mail. The authors examined an association between factors analyzed using a chi 2 test. RESULTS: Respondents were demographically consistent with all registered dentists in British Columbia. They reported writing an average of 4.45 prescriptions per week. Antibiotics prescribed after treatment primarily were penicillin and its derivatives. Recommended adult doses of penicillin were prescribed by 59.2 percent of respondents; recommended daily doses of amoxicillin were prescribed by 72.2 percent of respondents. The average prescription duration was 6.92 days. Respondents prescribed prophylactic antibiotics an average of 1.15 times per week for prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis; 17.5 percent reported postoperative dosing for prophylaxis, ranging from a one- to seven-day prescription with an average of 6.91 postoperative doses. Preoperative antibiotics were prescribed for patients with a history of rheumatic fever or any heart murmur or prosthetic hip. Antibiotics were prescribed more frequently for surgical procedures and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome than for other circumstances. CONCLUSIONS: More than 80 percent of respondents reported that they followed current American Heart Association prophylaxis guidelines. The authors, however, noted discrepancies in prophylactic use of antibiotics for bacterial endocarditis and for patients with large joint prostheses, as well as in prescribing antibiotics in the presence of clinical infection. In therapeutic use, approximately 85 percent of respondents followed appropriate prescription guidelines for dosing and duration of therapy. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Appropriate and correct use of antibiotics is essential to ensure that effective and safe treatment is available and that practices that may enhance microbial resistance are avoided. To improve standards of care, dentists need up-to-date pharmacology in dental education, as well as continuing education, further outcome studies and continuous assessment of dental practices.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11103580&dopt=Abstract
Presse Med. 2001 Jan;Spec No 1:25-6.
[Beta-lactamase production in Prevotella and in vitro sensitivity to beta-lactamines]
[Article in French]
Dubreuil L.
FREQUENCY OF BETA-LACTAMASE ACTIVITY: Prevotella spp. are anaerobic pathogenic bacteria. Among 100 strains isolated, beta-lactamase producing strains accounted for 58%. Fifty-two percent of the strains were pigmented and 63% were non pigmented. ACTIVITY AGAINST BETA-LACTAMASE PRODUCERS: In general, all the antibiotics exhibited higher activity against non producers than against beta-lactamase producers. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for amoxicillin/davulanic acid was lower or equal to 2 mg/l for all strains isolated.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11242761&dopt=Abstract
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