Drugs online research references
Am J Vet Res. 2001 Mar;62(3):326-30.
Screening method for identification of beta-lactams in bovine urine by use of liquid chromatography and a microbial inhibition test.
Musser JM, Anderson KL, Moats WA.
College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health and Resource Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
OBJECTIVE: To develop a multiple-residue screening method for the detection of beta-lactams in bovine urine. ANIMALS: 6 clinically normal Holstein cows and 6 calves. PROCEDURE: Pooled urine obtained from cows was used as a negative-control sample or spiked with varying concentrations of 6 beta-lactam antibiotics. Urine samples were prepared for liquid chromatography by diluting 1 ml of urine with 9 ml of 0.01M KH2PO4, 0.01 M Na2PO4, and filtering. Filtrate (2,000 ml) was eluted with a mobile phase in a gradient program. A fraction corresponding to each beta-lactam of interest was collected and evaporated to < 1 ml, and water then was added to achieve a 1 ml volume. The collected fraction was tested, using a microbial inhibition test. Then, calves were fed milk spiked with a mixture of 5 beta-lactam antibiotics at a concentration 40X the FDA tolerance in milk. Three hours following the feeding, urine samples were obtained from the calves and tested, as described for the urine samples for the cows. RESULTS: The lowest concentrations of amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephapirin, cloxacillin, desfuroylceftiofurcysteine, and penicillin G that were consistently detected in urine were 100, 10, 100, 250, 1,000, and 10 ng/ml, respectively. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephapirin, cloxacillin, desacetylcephapirin, and penicillin G were detected in urine samples of 6/6, 5/6, 0/6, 6/6, 2/6, and 3/6 calves respectively, fed antibiotic-spiked milk. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The integrated method described can be used to detect or identify beta-lactam antibiotics in bovine urine. This method can be used to test cattle for beta-lactam residues.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11277195&dopt=Abstract
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Oct;44(10):2709-14.
Epidemiological survey of amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance and corresponding molecular mechanisms in Escherichia coli isolates in France: new genetic features of bla(TEM) genes.
Leflon-Guibout V, Speldooren V, Heym B, Nicolas-Chanoine M.
Microbiology Department, Hopital Ambroise-Pare, Universite Paris V, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
Amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance (MIC >16 microg/ml) and the corresponding molecular mechanisms were prospectively studied in Escherichia coli over a 3-year period (1996 to 1998) in 14 French hospitals. The overall frequency of resistant E. coli isolates remained stable at about 5% over this period. The highest frequency of resistant isolates (10 to 15%) was observed, independently of the year, among E. coli isolated from lower respiratory tract samples, and the isolation rate of resistant strains was significantly higher in surgical wards than in medical wards in 1998 (7.8 versus 2.8%). The two most frequent mechanisms of resistance for the 3 years were the hyperproduction of the chromosomal class C beta-lactamase (48, 38.4, and 39.7%) and the production of inhibitor-resistant TEM (IRT) enzymes (30.4, 37.2, and 41.2%). By using the single-strand conformational polymorphism-PCR technique and sequencing methods, we determined that 59 IRT enzymes corresponded to previously described IRT enzymes whereas 8 were new. Three of these new enzymes derived from TEM-1 by only one amino acid substitution (Ser130Gly, Arg244Gly, and Asn276Asp), whereas three others derived by two amino acid substitutions (Met69Leu and Arg244Ser, Met69Leu and Ile127Val, and Met69Val and Arg275Gln). The two remaining new IRTs showed three amino acid substitutions (Met69Val, Trp165Arg, and Asn276Asp and Met69Ile, Trp165Cys, and Arg275Gln). New genetic features were also found in bla(TEM) genes, namely, bla(TEM-1B) with either the promoters Pa and Pb, P4, or a promoter displaying a C-->G transversion at position 3 of the -35 consensus sequence and new bla(TEM) genes, notably one encoding TEM-1 but possessing the silent mutations originally described in bla(TEM-2) and then in some bla(TEM)-encoding IRT enzymes.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10991849&dopt=Abstract
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000 Oct;31(4):424-7.
Helicobacter pylori infection in recurrent abdominal pain.
Frank F, Stricker T, Stallmach T, Braegger CP.
Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is associated with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer in adults and in children. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the association of recurrent abdominal pain and H. pylori infection in children and to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment in patients with evidence of infection. METHODS: The clinical and histopathologic findings in children who underwent diagnostic upper endoscopy for recurrent abdominal pain were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with evidence of infection with H. pylori were treated with a combination of omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. Efficacy of treatment was assessed using the 13C-urea-breath test. RESULTS: H. pylori was found in histopathologic sections of 29 (40%) of 73 patients undergoing diagnostic endoscopy for recurrent abdominal pain. Five children (17%) were of Swiss ethnic origin, and 24 (83%) were non-Swiss. All the infected patients had chronic gastritis and 4 (14%) had ulcerations in the duodenum. Treatment with omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin resulted in eradication of the infection in all and in resolution of the clinical symptoms in 15 (80%) of 19 patients who had a follow-up examination. CONCLUSIONS: The presented data suggest that gastritis induced by H. pylori may be associated with recurrent abdominal pain and that in Switzerland infections with H. pylori primarily involve persons who are non-Swiss. A combined therapy results in eradication of the bacterium and in improvement of the clinical symptoms in a significant majority of the patients.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11045841&dopt=Abstract
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