Ambien online research references
J Psychopharmacol. 1998;12(4):356-65.
Limited anxiolytic-like effects of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in rodents.
Griebel G, Perrault G, Sanger DJ.
CNS Research Department, Synthelabo Recherche, Bagneux, France. ggriebel
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J Neural Transm. 1999;106(5-6):355-68.
The influence of serotonin depletion on rat behavior in the Vogel test and brain 3H-zolpidem binding.
Nazar M, Siemiatkowski M, Bidzinski A, Czlonkowska A, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz H, Plaznik A.
Department of Pharmacology and Physiology of the Nervous System, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
The influence of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT)-induced serotonin depletion on rat behavior as well as on zolpidem's the behavioral effects and binding to some brain areas of zolpidem, was examined with the help of Vogel's punished drinking test and autoradiography, respectively. Moreover, changes in the serotonin levels and turnover rate were studied in the forebrain and brainstem of rats pretreated with various ligands at the benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors (midazolam, bretazenil, abecarnil, zolpidem). These drugs were given at doses shown previously to significantly disinhibit animal behavior suppressed by punishment in the Vogel test (Nazar et al., 1997). It was found that serotonin decrease in the frontal cortex and hippocampus after p-CPA significantly and inversely correlated with rat behavior controlled by fear in the VT. p-CPA produced an anticonflict activity in the absence of effect on spontaneous drinking, pain threshold and motility of animals. All applied benzodiazepine receptor ligands decreased the 5-HT turnover rate in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, whereas in the brainstem only abecarnil and zolpidem diminished 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels. This part of the study replicated earlier data with neurotoxins and indicated that the anxiolytic-like effect of 5-HT depletion in some models of anxiety did not depend on changes in animal appetitive behavior or stimulus control. Moreover, the fact that all nonselective and selective (zolpidem) agonists of the type 1 benzodiazepine receptors seemed to produce the same anticonflict effect and decreasing 5-HT turnover indicates that this subtype of benzodiazepine receptor may be important for the interaction between brain 5-HT and GABA/BDZ systems. Accordingly, it was found that serotonin decrease enhanced the anticonflict effect of zolpidem in the Vogel test and increased 3H-zolpidem binding to the occipital cortex and substantia nigra. Altogether, the present study provides more arguments for the role of changes in the activity of brain 5-HT innervation in the control of emotional processes. Moreover, it points to the BDZ1 receptor subtype as a possible target of interaction between brain 5-HT and GABA(A)/BDZ systems.
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Neuropharmacology. 2004 Jan;46(1):1-9.
Differential actions of diazepam and zolpidem in basolateral and central amygdala nuclei.
Kang-Park MH, Wilson WA, Moore SD.
Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Benzodiazepines are among the most widely prescribed therapeutic agents, having anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative/hypnotic, and amnestic properties (Mehta and Ticku, Brain Res. Rev. 29 (1999) 196). Recent research indicates that these disparate actions are dissociable (Nature 401 (1999) 796; Science 290 (2000) 131; Kralic et al., Neuropharmacology 43 (2002) 685). Behavioral studies indicate that the amygdala plays a critical role in the anxiolytic effect of benzodiazepines (Nagy et al., Neuropharmacology 18 (1979) 573; The amygdala: anxiety and benzodiazepines. The Amygdala: a Functional Analysis. p. 195). However, the neuronal substrates of this anxiolytic effect remain unclear. Our study characterizes the physiological response to acute application of the benzodiazepine diazepam and the non-benzodiazepine sedative zolpidem using whole cell patch recording in two discrete amygdala subnuclei. We found that acute application of diazepam enhances GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) with equal potency in the basolateral (BL) and central (Ce) amygdala subnuclei. However, zolpidem enhanced IPSCs with similar potency only in the BL, and was effective in the Ce only at high concentrations. This finding is in agreement with histochemical data regarding the localization of GABA(A) receptor isoforms in the amygdala (J. Comp. Neurol. 359 (1995) 154; Brain Res. 964 (2003) 91) and suggests that anxiolytic effects of allosteric modulators of the GABA(A) receptor may be further dissociated from their hypnotic/sedative effects.
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Med Sci Law. 2003 Oct;43(4):334-44.
Does insomnia in prison improve with time? Prospective study among remanded prisoners using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
Elger BS.
Medecine penitentiaire, Departement de Medecine Communautaire, Hopital Cantonal Universitaire de Geneve, 9, av. de Champel, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. Bernice.Elger
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Insomnia is a frequent health problem in prison, but little is known about its severity and duration. The objective was to find out whether subjective sleep quality improves during time and which factors influence improvement. Fifty-two randomly chosen prisoners complaining of insomnia at the Geneva remand prison were interviewed (T1) and followed up ten days (T2) and two months (T3) later. They received hypnotics habitually prescribed by prison physicians (benzodiazepines, chloralhydrate, zolpidem). After ten days 40 patients were still in prison and agreed to participate and after two months 16 prisoners could be re-evaluated. Total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores at T1 were 12.3 +/- 4.7. At T2 and T3, PSQI scores improved significantly, whereas General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) scores and conditions of imprisonment were similar. Only 12.5% of patients at T2, and 6.25% at T3, were 'good sleepers' (PSQI scores =/< 5). Cocaine users and prisoners with a healthy lifestyle reported the greatest improvement of PSQI scores. Our study shows that significant improvement of PSQI scores takes place in the first one to two weeks. However, in spite of regular drug treatment during the following weeks, PSQI scores persisted at a clinically significant level two months later. Drug treatment in prison only partially improves insomnia.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14655964&dopt=Abstract
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