Ambien online research references
J Neurosci. 2003 Oct 22;23(29):9664-74.
Major differences in inhibitory synaptic transmission onto two neocortical interneuron subclasses.
Bacci A, Rudolph U, Huguenard JR, Prince DA.
Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Locally projecting GABAergic interneurons are the major providers of inhibition in the neocortex and play a crucial role in several brain functions. Neocortical interneurons are connected via electrical and chemical synapses that may be crucial in modulating complex network oscillations. We investigated the properties of spontaneous and evoked IPSCs in two morphologically and physiologically identified interneuron subtypes, the fast-spiking (FS) and low threshold-spiking (LTS) cells in layer V of rodent sensorimotor cortex. We found that IPSCs recorded in FS cells were several orders of magnitude more frequent, larger in amplitude, and had faster kinetics than IPSCs recorded in LTS cells. GABA(A) receptor alpha- and beta-subunit selective modulators, zolpidem and loreclezole, had different effects on IPSCs in FS and LTS interneurons, suggesting differential expression of GABA(A) receptor subunit subtypes. These pharmacological data indicated that the alpha1 subunit subtype is poorly expressed by LTS cells but makes a large contribution to GABA(A) receptors on FS cells. This was confirmed by experiments performed in genetically modified mice in which the alpha1 subunit had been made insensitive to benzodiazepine-like agonists. These results suggest that differences in IPSC waveform are likely attributable to distinctive expression of GABA(A) receptor subunits in FS and LTS cells. The particular properties of GABAergic input on different interneuronal subtypes might have important consequences for generation and pacing of cortical rhythms underlying several brain functions. Moreover, selective pharmacological manipulation of distinct inhibitory circuits might allow regulation of pyramidal cell activities under specific physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14573546&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol Alcohol. 2003 Nov-Dec;38(6):613-8.
Dependence on legal psychotropic drugs among alcoholics.
Johansson BA, Berglund M, Hanson M, Pohlen C, Persson I.
Department of Clinical Alcohol Research, Malmo University Hospital, Lund University, Vardcentralen Kirseberg, Malmo, Karlsvik Rehabilitation Centre, Hoor, Sweden. bjornaxel.johansson
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alk.mas.lu.se
AIMS: Dependence on legal psychotropic drugs (PTD) has been reported to have increased in alcoholics, but previous studies report conflicting results concerning the rate of increase and clinical characteristics. The aim of the present study was first, to assess the dependence rate of PTD among alcoholics in open and institutionalized care, and to compare these populations with the general population, and second, to assess rates and doses of high- and low-dose PTD-dependence among alcoholics. METHODS: In 1997, alcoholics in open and institutionalized care were asked to anonymously fill in a questionnaire on their drug use and dependence. Healthy controls were included. The number of attending subjects was 130 open-care alcoholics at the Department of Alcohol and Drug Diseases in Malmo, Sweden; 23 alcoholics in institutionalized care at Karlsvik Rehabilitation Centre in Hoor, Sweden; and 120 healthy controls at Vardcentralen Kirseberg, a primary health care centre located in a Malmo area. The approximate attendance rate was 75, 70 and 95%, respectively. The questionnaire was based on DSM-IV criteria for dependence. RESULTS: The total rate of PTD-dependent alcoholics was higher in the institutionalized group (35%) than in the open-care setting (14%): difference in proportions (p(1)-p(2) 21%; 95% CI: 1%, 41%). Alcoholics were more often PTD-dependent (17%) than were healthy controls (2%), (p(1)-p(2) 15%; 95% CI: 9%, 21%). Benzodiazepines (BZD) were the most common PTD. Only four out of a total of 23 BZD-dependent alcoholics developed high-dose BZD-dependence. Those subjects were also misusing other drugs, including cannabis. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that alcoholism is associated with legal PTD-dependence and illegal drug misuse. High-dose BZD-dependence is infrequent among BZD-dependent alcoholics.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14633651&dopt=Abstract
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Int J Pharm. 2003 Dec 11;268(1-2):47-57.
Encapsulation and release of the hypnotic agent zolpidem from biodegradable polymer microparticles containing hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.
Trapani G, Lopedota A, Boghetich G, Latrofa A, Franco M, Sanna E, Liso G.
Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facolta di Farmacia, Universita degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy. trapani
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farmchim.uniba.it
The goal of this study was to design a prolonged release system of the hypnotic agent zolpidem (ZP) useful for the treatment of insomnia. In this work, ZP alone or in the presence of HP-beta-CD was encapsulated in microparticles constituted by poly(DL-lactide) (PDLLA) and poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and the drug release from these systems was evaluated. ZP alone-loaded microparticles were prepared by the classical O/W emulsion-solvent evaporation method. Conversely, ZP/HP-beta-CD containing microparticles were prepared by the W/O/W emulsion-solvent evaporation method following two different procedures (i.e. A and B). Following procedure A, the previously produced ZP/HP-beta-CD solid complex was added to the water phase of primary emulsion. In the procedure B, HP-beta-CD was added to the aqueous phase and ZP to the organic phase. The resulting microparticles were characterized about morphology, size, encapsulation efficiency and release rates. FT-IR, X-ray, and DSC results suggest the drug is in an essentially amorphous state within the microparticles. The release profiles of ZP from microparticles were in general biphasic, being characterized by an initial burst effect and a subsequent slow ZP release. It resulted that co-encapsulating ZP with or without HP-beta-CD in PDLLA and PLGA the drug release from the corresponding microparticles was protracted. Moreover, in a preliminary pharmacological screening, the ataxic activity in rats was investigated and it was found that intragastric administration of the ZP/HP-beta-CD/PLGA microparticles prepared according to procedure B produced the same ataxic induction time as the one induced by the currently used formulation Stilnox. Interestingly moreover, there was a longer ataxic lasting and a lower intensity of ataxia produced by the ZP/HP-beta-CD/PLGA-B-formulation already after 60 min following the administration. However, a need for further pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies resulted to fully evaluate the utility of this last formulation for the sustained delivery of ZP.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14643976&dopt=Abstract
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