Drugs online research references
Int J Microcirc Clin Exp. 1991 May;10(2):155-68.
Effects of diltiazem and allopurinol in postischemic microcirculatory changes in the rat kidney.
Petho-Schramm A, Mielke W, Vetterlein F, Schmidt G.
Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitat Gottingen, Germany.
The influence of diltiazem and/or allopurinol on kidney microcirculation was studied in anaesthetized rats, which were subjected to 60 min unilateral renal ischemia followed by 60 min reflow. In histological sections capillary plasma flow patterns were determined based on the distribution of two different fluorochrome-labelled globulins administered i.v.. In the outer medulla (OM) of untreated postischemic kidneys labelling of the capillary network was greatly diminished. Tissue areas occupied by red blood cells increased 4-6 fold. During reperfusion massive penetration of red cells in the urine was demonstrated by the occurrence of hemoglobin in the urine. Maintenance of the rats on allopurinol-saturated drinking water for six days prior to the experiment (daily intake approximately 50 mg allopurinol/kg body wt) combined with the i.v. administration of diltiazem during the pre- and postischemic period (16 mg/kg body wt) resulted in an almost complete normalization of capillary plasma flow patterns in the OM. In this region tissue areas occupied by red blood cells were much lesser in extent than in the untreated controls. Furthermore, urine hemoglobin content after the combined drug regimen was largely decreased when compared to the untreated ischemic group. Effects of the treatment with either of the drugs alone were qualitatively similar, but significantly less pronounced. In conclusion, a synergistic effect of diltiazem and allopurinol in improving postischemic renal microcirculation is clearly evident, whereas no improvement in kidney function was demonstrable. This supports the hypothesis that disturbed microcirculation is not a prerequisite for the generation of the renal functional deterioration in the clamp-induced ischemia model in the rat.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2060998&dopt=Abstract
Hautarzt. 1998 May;49(5):382-7.
[Incidence of gynecomastia in dermatology patients]
[Article in German]
Seibel V, Muller HH, Krause W.
Abteilung Andrologie, Philipps-Universitat, Marburg.
Gynecomastia is an enlargement of the male breast. We studied a group of 115 men attending a dermatological clinic to evaluate the frequency of possible risk factors and hormonal findings. Gynecomastia was diagnosed, if a horizontal skinfold exceeded 2-3 cm, and if the diameter of the areola wa greater than 3 cm. In 32 patients (27.8%) the criteria for gynecomastia were fulfilled. The frequency increased significantly with the body mass index. 18 different medications were identified, but only two were take by more than two patients (allopurinol, coronary dilators). None of the 15 underlying diseases was associated with a significant increase or decrease in the risk of gynecomastia. Serum cortisol was the only endocrine study which was associated with an increased incidence of gynecomastia. As gynecomastia appears frequently as a phenomenon unrelated to other diseases or medications, it may be a condition per se.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9642559&dopt=Abstract
Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Aug 28;356(1):41-7.
Effect of xanthine oxidase inhibition on endothelium-dependent and nitrergic relaxations.
Ellis A, Li CG, Rand MJ.
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Vic, Australia.
The effects of inhibition of xanthine oxidase on responses mediated by nitric oxide (NO) were examined using the selective xanthine oxidase inhibitors allopurinol and 4-amino-6-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (AHPP). In rat aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine (1 microM), allopurinol (300 microM) and AHPP (100, 300 microM) significantly reduced tone, an effect not seen after inhibition of NO synthase with Nomega-nitro-L-arginine (NOLA 100 microM). Relaxations produced by acetylcholine (0.01-10 microM) were significantly enhanced by AHPP (100, 300 microM) but not by allopurinol. Nitrergic relaxations in the rat anococcygeus muscle (field stimulation 1 ms pulses; 1 Hz: 10 s) were not affected by either allopurinol or AHPP. However, relaxations produced by exogenous NO (0.25 microM) were significantly enhanced by AHPP, allopurinol (100 microM) and superoxide dismutase (100 U/ml). Xanthine (500 microM) partially, but significantly, reversed the enhancement produced by AHPP. These findings suggest that superoxide generated by xanthine oxidase modulates the activity of basal and stimulated NO derived from the rat aortic endothelium, but does not affect the activity of the nitrergic transmitter in the rat anococcygeus muscle, despite its ability to modulate responses to exogenous NO.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9761422&dopt=Abstract
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