Drugs online research references
Med J Aust. 1995 Jan 16;162(2):74-7.
Educational program to improve the dosage prescribing of allopurinol.
Peterson GM, Sugden JE.
Tasmanian School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart.
OBJECTIVE: To perform and evaluate an educational intervention program aimed at improving the dosage prescribing of allopurinol by general practitioners and based on the application of academic detailing. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: General practitioners in southern Tasmania were sent educational material about allopurinol, high-lighting the need to adjust dosages in accordance with the renal function of the patient. Most general practitioners then discussed the rational prescribing of allopurinol directly with a visiting pharmacist. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pharmacoepidemiological data provided by a statewide database containing dispensing data from community pharmacies throughout Tasmania, and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (RPBS) data. The key variable was the percentage of prescriptions for allopurinol that were for the 100 mg form. RESULTS: The program's success was indicated by a statistically significant increase in the prescribing of 100 mg allopurinol in the intervention region. The database showed an increase from 14.8% to 22.1% of all prescriptions for allopurinol (P < 0.05), while PBS and RPBS data revealed an increase from 12.5% to 22.2% of all prescriptions for allopurinol dispensed under both schemes (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A program incorporating academic detailing can modify prescribing practices within the community. A statewide pharmacoepidemiological database provides a valuable means of evaluating interventions designed to improve prescribing.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7838029&dopt=Abstract
Stroke. 1991 May;22(5):660-5.
Allopurinol pretreatment improves evoked response recovery following global cerebral ischemia in dogs.
Mink RB, Dutka AJ, Hallenbeck JM.
Diving Medicine Department, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Md 20814-5055.
The reperfusion of previously ischemic tissue may lead to the formation of highly reactive free radicals that promote tissue injury. Xanthine oxidase has been implicated as one source of these free radicals. We examined the role of xanthine oxidase in brain injury using a cerebrospinal fluid compression model of global cerebral ischemia with 15 minutes of ischemia and 4 hours of reperfusion. Seven dogs were pretreated with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol (50 mg/kg for 5 days). Neurophysiological recovery was monitored with cortical somatosensory evoked potentials. As an attempt to correlate brain recovery with the mechanism of protection, free brain malondialdehyde was measured at the end of reperfusion by high-performance liquid chromatography. Brain water content was measured by wet-dry weights. Compared with seven untreated control dogs, allopurinol pretreatment significantly improved recovery of somatosensory evoked potentials after 4 hours of reperfusion. However, the amount of free malondialdehyde in the allopurinol-treated dogs was 32% greater than that in the controls. Brain water content was similar in the two groups. These results suggest that xanthine oxidase contributes to brain injury after ischemia and reperfusion. However, tissue damage caused by xanthine oxidase may be mediated through mechanisms other than free radical production.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2028498&dopt=Abstract
J Chromatogr A. 2000 Oct 13;894(1-2):157-64.
Determination of purines including 2,8-dihydroxyadenine in urine using capillary electrophoresis.
Wessel T, Lanvers C, Fruend S, Hempel G.
Abt Hamatologie/Onkologie, Universiats-Kinderklinik, Munster, Germany.
For the purpose of rapid drug monitoring, methods have been developed for the determination of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, allopurinol, oxypurinol, adenine, hypoxanthine, hippuric acid and xanthine in urine with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate as additive in sodium tetraborate running buffer. No sample preparation is necessary. 6-methylmercaptopurine and etofylline have been used as the internal standards. The limit of detection is 5 microM and the range of quantification stretches from 20 to 2000 microM. The capillary electrophoresis methods are simple, fast and robust.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11100858&dopt=Abstract
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