Drugs online research references
Pigment Cell Res. 1989 May-Jun;2(3):182-90.
Drug-induced and genetic hypermelanism: effects on pigment cell differentiation.
Frost SK, Borchert M, Carson MK.
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045.
Allopurinol, a drug that inhibits the enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), is known to cause hypermelanism in the axolotl. The hypermelanistic condition that results from allopurinol treatment is similar in most respects to the phenotype that results from the action of the melanoid (m) gene in axolotls. On the basis of structural and biochemical studies, it now seems clear that genetic and drug-induced hypermelanism are the same in the following ways. 1) Both types of melanism result in the production of more than normal amounts of melanin and more melanin-containing cells (melanophores). 2) In both cases the amount of pteridine-associated yellow pigment declines during development, and this is associated directly with fine structural changes that occur within the pigment organelles (pterinosomes) of yellow pigment cells (xanthophores). 3) In both cases the hypermelanistic condition results in the suppression of reflecting pigment cell (iridophore) differentiation. 4) Both conditions have now been linked directly to depressed levels of XDH activity. Thus both genetic and drug-induced hypermelanism result in alterations in the normal differentiation of all three pigment cell types and the subsequent disruption of normal pigment pattern formation. The possible significance of these findings with regard to factors known or suspected to direct the migration and/or differentiation of neural crest-derived pigment cells is discussed.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2771877&dopt=Abstract
Kidney Int. 1989 Jul;36(1):96-9.
Hematuria due to hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria in adult patients.
Andres A, Praga M, Bello I, Diaz-Rolon JA, Gutierrez-Millet V, Morales JM, Rodicio JL.
Department of Nephrology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
We have prospectively studied 37 adult patients (15 males, 22 females; age 31 +/- 10.6 years) with previously undiagnosed isolated hematuria in which hypercalciuria or hyperuricosuria was found. Eighteen of them had had episodes of gross hematuria. Isolated hypercalciuria (4.4 to 10.4, X 5.6 +/- 1.9 mg/kg/24 hr) was found in nine patients (Group I), isolated hyperuricosuria (784 to 1500, X 1088 +/- 228 mg/24 hr) in 11 (Group II), and both hypercalciuria (4 to 8, X 4.9 +/- 1 mg/kg/24 hr) and hyperuricosuria (752 to 1476, X 1042 +/- 181 mg/24 hr) in 17 patients (Group III). Thiazide treatment for patients with hypercalciuria and allopurinol for those with hyperuricosuria were administered; calciuria and uricosuria became normal by the first month of therapy in every case. In 22 (59.4%) cases (Responder patients) hematuria resolved completely as soon as calciuria and uricosuria became normal. In the remaining 15 cases (Nonresponder patients) hematuria persisted despite the normal calcium and uric acid excretions. Several disorders that explained hematuria were diagnosed later in most of Nonresponder patients. Responder patients persisted without hematuria on the follow-up; only in three patients a transient relapse of hematuria was seen associated with a sudden increase of calciuria and uricosuria because of treatment withdrawal. There were no differences in age, male/female ratio nor in the basal values of calciuria and uricosuria between Responder and Nonresponder patients. A familial history of urolithiasis was found more frequently in Responder patients (64%) than in Nonresponders (20%) (P less than 0.05). We conclude that hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria are definable and potentially reversible causes of hematuria in adult patients.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2811059&dopt=Abstract
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1983 Sep;32(5):947-51.
Activity of oral drugs against Leishmania tropica in human macrophages in vitro.
Berman JD, Lee LS.
Because of the need for orally active antileishmanial agents, orally administrable drugs have sometimes been used to treat human leishmaniases without prior demonstration of efficacy in experimental models. The antileishmanial activity of such agents was tested against Leishmania tropica (a cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis) within human macrophages in vitro. Although trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole and isoniazid + rifampin have been reported as efficacious orally in certain human studies of cutaneous disease, these drugs were ineffective in vitro (less than or equal to 40% parasite elimination) at peak achievable serum levels. The combination of allopurinol and Pentostam is being tested in humans. In vitro, allopurinol (5 micrograms/ml) augmented the antileishmanial effect of a low concentration of Pentostam (5 micrograms/ml) but not of a higher concentration of Pentostam (20 micrograms/ml). Nifurtimox is a nitrofuran which has questionable activity against human cutaneous disease. Nifurtimox was similarly only 50% effective in vitro at peak achievable serum levels (1.0-3.0 micrograms/ml). However, furazolidone, another orally administered nitrofuran, eliminated 92% of parasites at 1.0 micrograms/ml. Chlorpromazine and quinacrine are concentrated in tissues that are susceptible to infection by Leishmania. Chlorpromazine and quinacrine eliminated only 15% and 35% of organisms in vitro at achievable serum levels (less than or equal to 0.3 microgram/ml), but eliminated virtually all organisms in vitro at possible achievable tissue levels. Both the negative and the positive data of this report may aid in selection of effective orally active agents for in vivo trials.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6312823&dopt=Abstract
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