Drugs online research references
Surg Today. 1993;23(1):40-4.
The effect of supplementing hypothermic crystalloid cardioplegia with catalase plus allopurinol in the isolated rabbit heart.
Nishida K.
First Department of Surgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Japan.
The effect of adding allopurinol and catalase to hypothermic cardioplegia for ischemic-reperfusion injury was investigated in the isolated rabbit heart. Hearts were divided into two groups, namely: Group C (n = 7), which received a hypothermic crystalloid cardioplegic solution alone (4 degrees C), and group T (n = 7), which received the hypothermic cardioplegic solution with allopurinol (148 mumol/L)13 and catalase (37 nmol/L).12 The cardioplegic solution was infused continuously into the isolated hearts, which had been placed in ice-cold saline, during a 12 h preservation. Subsequently, the hearts were mounted on a noncirculating, nonpulsatile perfusion circuit using Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution at 37 degrees C for 1 h at a constant perfusion pressure of 75 mm Hg. The left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), maximum rate of pressure change (max dp/dt), and percent recovery of coronary flow were higher, while the creatine phosphokinase concentration and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were lower in group T. The tissue malondialdehyde concentration and water content were similar in both groups. Thus, cardiac function after a 12 h preservation was enhanced by the added combination of allopurinol and catalase to the cardioplegic solution, supporting its role in the prevention of free radical reperfusion injury in cardiac preservation.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8461605&dopt=Abstract
Free Radic Biol Med. 1998 Oct;25(6):720-7.
Role of xanthine oxidase in hydrogen peroxide production.
Lacy F, Gough DA, Schmid-Schonbein GW.
Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0412, USA.
Increased production of oxygen free radicals may play a role in many diseases such as hypertension. As evidence indicates that xanthine oxidase may be involved in creating these reactive oxygen species, experiments were performed to additionally characterize hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in xanthine oxidase catalyzed reactions. In vitro measurements of hydrogen peroxide production from the xanthine/xanthine oxidase reaction were performed in buffered saline using an electrochemical technique, and the effect of allopurinol on inhibition of xanthine oxidase was determined. Experiments were also performed in blood plasma to characterize endogenous hydrogen peroxide producing capability and xanthine oxidase activity. In the presence of sodium azide, an inhibitor of catalase, peroxide production was measured in plasma after adding xanthine or xanthine oxidase and the results were similar to those obtained in buffered saline. When only sodium azide was added to plasma, hydrogen peroxide was produced at a level of 36.1 +/- 7.6 microM (n = 5). From these measurements, endogenous xanthine oxidase activity was estimated to be 6.5 +/- 0.3 mU/ml (n = 5). These results suggests that sufficient substrate exists in plasma to produce micromolar levels of hydrogen peroxide and xanthine oxidase may catalyze these reactions.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9801073&dopt=Abstract
Medicine (Baltimore). 1998 Nov;77(6):389-97.
The phenotype of ostensibly healthy women who are carriers for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
Maestri NE, Lord C, Glynn M, Bale A, Brusilow SW.
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency is an X-linked disorder of urea synthesis. Among females who carry a mutant OTC allele, there is a wide range of phenotypic variability, ranging from apparent normality to a severe onset and the resulting profound neurologic impairment observed in hemizygous males. This study was designed to define the phenotypic variability of OTC deficiency in ostensibly healthy carrier females and to compare them to noncarrier females from their own and other families. One hundred seventy-five women from 89 families participated in this study. Each completed a mailed questionnaire, allopurinol testing, and fasting plasma amino acid determinations. OTC carrier status was determined by pedigree analysis, allopurinol test results, and/or DNA mutation analysis. Overall, 79 women were identified as carriers of a mutant OTC allele (60 proband mothers, 19 relatives), and 96 women (32 proband mothers, 64 female relatives) were determined to be noncarriers. Comparison of biochemical phenotypes indicated that carriers and noncarriers do not differ in daily urinary creatinine excretion, but that carriers excrete significantly less urea nitrogen and total nitrogen, reflecting their significantly lower historically reported daily protein intake. Carriers had significantly higher levels of fasting plasma glutamine and alanine, and significantly lower levels of citrulline and arginine compared with noncarriers. Carriers and noncarriers reported similar demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, level of education, and medical and pregnancy histories. There was no indication of increased incidence of migraine headaches among carriers. Thus, we found no evidence that asymptomatic adult female OTC heterozygotes are at increased risk for previously unidentified health problems apart from an unknown risk for hyperammonemic encephalopathy as occurred in 3 of the carriers in this study. Because these episodes appear to be related to physiologic stress (fracture, parturition), it would seem medically prudent for carriers to be aware of this risk.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9854602&dopt=Abstract
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