Drugs online research references
abdn.co.uk
Trends in antibiotic prescribing in Grampian have been monitored prospectively for 11 years from 1986 using computerized ward stock lists and laboratory data relating to all in-patient and out-patient treatments in all Grampian hospitals. The main outcome measures were the number of antibiotics available for routine and restricted use, annual expenditure and defined daily doses (DDDs) of high expenditure antimicrobial agents. An antibiotic committee introduced a policy and formulary in the third year of the study which has had only limited success in controlling prescribing. This report updates the audit from 1992/3 to 1996/7. During this period 22 new antibiotics were considered for inclusion in the hospital formulary. Seventeen, including seven antiretroviral agents, were incorporated, all for restricted use only. Despite this, expenditure on antibiotics has more than trebled since 1986/7 and increased 50% since 1992/3, two-thirds of the latter increase being due to the use of new drugs, namely anti-HIV drugs, lipid amphotericin derivatives and teicoplanin. Big increases in the use of co-amoxiclav, acyclovir, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime account for the remainder of the increased expenditure. There was an overall increase of 16.9% in DDDs between 1992/3 and 96/7 to 424.0 DDDs/1000 patient days (393.4 DDDs for antibacterials). These findings highlight the current difficulty in controlling prescribing budgets, the increasing use of antibiotics and the consequent increase of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10837451&dopt=Abstract
opbg.net
The literature has few data regarding the use of polyclonal anti-thymocyte globulin in pediatric cardiac transplantation. We describe our single-center, retrospective study of the use of Thymoglobuline in a pediatric population. We included in the study 31 consecutive heart transplant recipients (mean age, 7.8 years; median age, 9 years; range, 4 months-17 years), who all survived surgery. To induce immunosuppression, all patients received Thymoglobuline therapy at age-dependent doses (1-1.5 mg/kg/day between 0 and 1 year; 1.5-2 mg/kg/day from 1 year to 8 years; and 2.5 mg/kg/day >8 years). Duration of treatment was 1 to 7 days. In patients <1 year, the total number of lymphocytes was maintained at >500/mm(3). Thirty of 31 patients are alive at the end of follow-up. During the first 3 months, 3 Grade 3A and 10 Grade 1A (Working Formulation grading system) rejection episodes occurred. All reversed after steroid treatment. Eleven viral infections, 2 bacterial infections, and 1 fungal infection occurred. Not all patients with infection were symptomatic but all responded successfully to treatment. One episode of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease regressed after decreasing immunosuppression therapy and after acyclovir therapy. At the end of follow-up, 19 patients are without steroids. Immunosuppression therapy with Thymoglobuline is safe in the pediatric age group if the number of lymphocytes is monitored strictly.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12742424&dopt=Abstract
Antiviral Res. 2003 Apr;58(2):149-57.
Determination of antiviral efficacy against lymphotropic herpesviruses utilizing flow cytometry.
Long MC, Bidanset DJ, Williams SL, Kushner NL, Kern ER.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, BBRB 309, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6), and human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) comprise a group of lymphotropic herpesviruses which are responsible for a wide range of diseases, including lymphoproliferative disorders and tumors. We have developed several flow cytometric assay (FACS) systems to evaluate antiviral efficacy against EBV, HHV-6 and HHV-8. Assays using either EBV or HHV-8, members of the gammaherpesvirus subfamily, have shown that while EBV responds well to acyclovir (ACV), HHV-8 was most sensitive to cidofovir (CDV). Since HHV-6 strains are divided into two sub-groups, A and B, we evaluated antiviral efficacy for strains from each group. The group A strain, HHV-6(GS), was inhibited by foscarnet (PFA), CDV and ganciclovir (GCV) in both Sup-T1 and HSB-2 cell lines. HHV-6(Z-29), a representative group B virus, was inhibited by GCV and CDV but not by PFA. Our findings indicate that flow cytometry can be utilized to efficiently evaluate new antiviral agents against lymphotropic herpesviruses and that the results are comparable to those obtained by other methods such as immunofluorescence.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12742575&dopt=Abstract
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