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post.tau.ac.il

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the direct medical burden and work loss associated with uncomplicated chickenpox in Israel. METHODS: A total of 155 otherwise healthy children and adolescents with chickenpox were recruited from 10 physician offices in central Israel. Direct and indirect medical burdens were determined by caregiver interview. RESULTS: Mean age was 3.3 +/- 2.3 years. 51% of the patients were under three years of age. Each patient made on average 1.15 visits to a general practitioner. Most patients were taken to the Doctor's office only once during the illness while 23 patients (15%) were seen twice. Three patients were referred to the emergency room. Antihistamines (39%) and Calamine lotion (28%) were the most frequently prescribed medications, followed by acyclovir (17%) and antibiotics (6%). Following the patient's illness there were 72 cases of secondary spread of varicella to household members. The individuals who cared for the child missed a combined total of 2.5 days from work (on average per varicella episode). CONCLUSIONS: Israeli children acquire chickenpox at a younger age than children in North America and England and consume more prescribed medications. While the work loss in the present study was comparable to previous reports, the direct medical costs inflicted by this infection in Israel are not negligible even for uncomplicated cases. Copyright 2002 The British Infection Society

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fmu.ac.jp

Twenty 5-alkyl-2-thiopyrimidine nucleosides were newly synthesized and examined for antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). In this study, 2'-deoxy-5-alkyl-2-thiocytidine analogues had lower 50% effective concentration (EC50) values against HSV-1, and 2'-deoxy-5-alkyl-2-thiouridine analogues showed lower EC50 against VZV than their congeners of arabinoside form. Among the compounds examined, 2'-deoxy-5-ethyl and 5-propyl-2-thiocytidine (TN-53 and TN-54) were most potent and selective anti-HSV compounds. Their EC50s were 0.04 and 0.15 microM, and selectivity indexes were more than 7,215 and 1,849, respectively. On the other hand, 2'-deoxy-5-propyl-2-thiouridine (TN-51), 5-bromovinyl-2-thiouracil arabinoside (TN-65) and 5-styryl-2-thiouracil arabinoside (TN-67) were most potent and selective anti-VZV compounds. Their EC50s were 3.1, 3.8 and 2.6 pM for CaQu strain of VZV, respectively, and 2.1 to 3.0 times lower than that of acyclovir. All 2-thiopyrimidine nucleoside analogues did not show antiviral activities against thymidine kinase (TK) negative strains of HSV-1 and VZV. Only three 2-thiocytosine arabinoside compounds showed marginal anti-CMV activities (EC50s were 57-159 pM). All of the five alkyl-2-thio-pyrimidine nucleoside analogues examined were not cytotoxic to human lymphoblastoid cells (RPM18226) and human embryonic fibroblast cells (MRC-5) at 240 microM (100 microg/ml) or more. Regarding the structure-activity relationship of 5-alkyl-2-thiopyrimidine nucleoside analogues, the following remarks will be noted. Elongation of 5-alkyl chain (methyl to ethyl) of 2-thiocytosine in both deoxyribosyl and arabinosyl nucleosides increased anti-HSV-1 activity but not anti-VZV activity. Furthermore, elongation of the same chain (ethyl to propyl) of 2-thiodeoxyuridine increased anti-VZV activity whereas it did not in the case of 2-thiouracil arabinosides.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12238531&dopt=Abstract




Blood. 2002 Oct 1;100(7):2341-8.
Successful treatment of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) following renal allografting is associated with sustained CD8(+) T-cell restoration.

Porcu P, Eisenbeis CF, Pelletier RP, Davies EA, Baiocchi RA, Roychowdhury S, Vourganti S, Nuovo GJ, Marsh WL, Ferketich AK, Henry ML, Ferguson RM, Caligiuri MA.

Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 46210, USA.

Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a life-threatening Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated B-cell malignancy occurring in 1% to 2% of renal transplantation patients. Host- and PTLD-related factors determining the likelihood of tumor response following reduction of immune suppression (IS) and antiviral therapy remain largely unknown. Standard therapy for PTLD is not well established. Eleven consecutive renal transplantation patients who developed EBV-positive PTLD 8 to 94 months after allografting were uniformly treated with acyclovir and IS reduction. All PTLDs were EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Ten patients (91%) obtained a durable complete response (CR), and 9 (82%) have remained in continuous CR with a median follow-up of 29 months. Five patients (45%) lost their allograft. Of these, 4 patients had PTLD affecting the transplanted kidney. Peripheral blood CD8(+) T cells increased significantly (P =.0078) from baseline in 8 responders available for analysis. One of 2 patients whose absolute CD8(+) T-cell count subsequently dropped to baseline after IS reduction relapsed. The expanded CD8(+) T cells from 2 responders specifically recognized an immunodominant peptide from the EBV lytic gene BZLF-1. Another lytic EBV gene, thymidine kinase, was expressed in all 8 PTLDs tested. IS reduction and antiviral therapy for PTLD after renal transplantation is a highly successful therapeutic combination, but the risk of graft rejection is significant, particularly in patients with PTLD involving the renal allograft. A sustained expansion of CD8(+) T cells and a cellular immune response to EBV lytic antigens may be important for PTLD clearance in renal transplantation patients.

online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12239141&dopt=Abstract












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