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hair related research references
J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Jul;119(1):32-7.
Defolliculated (dfl): a dominant mouse mutation leading to poor sebaceous gland differentiation and total elimination of pelage follicles.
Porter RM, Jahoda CA, Lunny DP, Henderson G, Ross J, McLean WH, Whittock NV, Wilson NJ, Reichelt J, Magin TM, Lane EB.
Cancer Research UK Cell Structure Research Group, School of Life Sciences, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K. rmporteux.dundee.ac.uk
Defolliculated is a novel spontaneous mouse mutation that maps to chromosome 11 close to the type I keratin locus. Histology shows abnormal differentiation of the sebaceous gland, with the sebocytes producing little or no sebum and undergoing abnormal cornification. The hair follicles fail to regress during catagen leading to abnormally long follicles. In contrast the hair shafts are shorter than normal, suggesting altered differentiation or proliferation of matrix cells during anagen. The shafts emerge from the follicle with cornified material still attached. The dermis contains increased numbers of immune cells, including T cells (CD4-positive), macrophages, and mast cells, at all time points examined. Complete elimination of all pelage and tail follicles occurs after two to three hair cycles, apparently by necrosis. Defolliculated may be a useful model for determining further functions of the sebaceous gland, and for understanding the regulation of catagen and hair follicle immunology.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12164921&dopt=Abstract
Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1976;337:1-13.
The experiment on the protein exposed to acoustic wave in model of hair cells.
Takeda H.
Why do animals have intense troubles mainly in the basal turns of their cochleae by exposure to sound and the ototoxity? I thought that the protein in cells had an important relation to this subject. So I performed this experiment. I made model of hair cells of silicon and poured three kinds of solutions of protein into them. And I checked the ionization of the protein and its denaturation by giving strong energy of oscillation to them like the same idea of photoelectric effect. As the result, as for the protein liquid, I noticed the increase of volts just after it was exposed to sound and about 3 hours later, I observed the figure decreased gradually. From this phenomenon, I presumed that the protein in sensory cells became a factor of the stimulation by receiving strong energy conversely. Low-percent protein liquid had less effect caused by sound.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7097&dopt=Abstract
J Comp Neurol. 2003 Jan 6;455(2):198-209.
Expression of Ca2+-activated BK channel mRNA and its splice variants in the rat cochlea.
Langer P, Grunder S, Rusch A.
Institute of Physiology II, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
Voltage-activated K(+) channels are important for shaping the receptor potentials of cochlear hair cells. In particular, the functional maturation of inner hair cells in mice around the onset of hearing coincides with the expression of a large, fast K(+) conductance, probably mediated by Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channels. In hearing organs of lower vertebrates, frequency tuning depends on BK-type K(+) channels with different kinetics. Kinetics are varied by alternative splicing of the channels' alpha subunits and combination with modulating beta subunits. It is unclear whether similar mechanisms "fine tune" mammalian hair cells. We used various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approaches to screen rat cochleae for splice variants of BK-type alpha subunits. We isolated mainly minimal variants and only occasionally splice variants with additional inserts. We conclude that alpha subunits with different kinetics are not substantially used in the rat cochlea. However, we isolated six variants differing in their extreme C-terminal sequences, which may be involved in the targeting of the channel protein. By using reverse transcriptase-PCR, we demonstrated also the expression of transcripts for several beta subunits. In situ hybridization experiments revealed strict coexpression of alpha with beta1 transcripts. In inner hair cells, strong labeling emerged shortly before the onset of hearing. Labeling of outer hair cells appeared later and generally weaker. Thus, our molecular data confirm electrophysiological results that suggested that BK channels underlie the large K(+) conductance in inner hair cells of mammals. Extensive splicing of BK channel transcripts, however, does not seem to be used in mammalian hair cells as is done in lower vertebrates. 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12454985&dopt=Abstract
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999 Apr;31(4):566-71.
Occupational physical activity and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Zahm SH, Hoffman-Goetz L, Dosemeci M, Cantor KP, Blair A.
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of physical activity in the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). METHODS: Incident NHL cases and population-based controls were identified from three case-control studies conducted in four midwestern states: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, and Nebraska. A total of 1177 cases (993 men, 184 women) and 3625 controls (2918 men, 707 women) were interviewed. Usual occupation (all states) and lifetime occupational histories (Iowa and Minnesota only), obtained from interviews, were classified for energy expenditure (EE) and sitting time. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated comparing moderate and high activity levels with sedentary levels. RESULTS: There was no evidence of an association between NHL and occupational physical activity measured either by EE or sitting time. Among men, the OR associated with usual occupation moderate and high EE were 1.1 and 1.0, respectively. For sitting time, the OR were also 1.1 and 1.0 for moderate and high activity, respectively. Among women, slight nonsignificant elevations in risk of NHL were observed among the high energy level and high activity sitting categories. The trends were not significant. There was no evidence of confounding or effect modification by vital status, hair dye use, or solvent exposure. Among subjects with lifetime occupational histories, there were no significant increases or trends for cumulative or average EE or sitting time. There was no association between occupational physical activity and NHL. CONCLUSION: Research on nonoccupational physical activity, which in the U.S. is likely the more important component of daily activity than occupational activity, may still be warranted given the laboratory evidence linking physical activity and immune function, an important factor in the etiology of NHL.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10211853&dopt=Abstract
Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may
shed light on how hair loss might occur.
How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does?
Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of
hair growth as well as
The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.
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