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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs || Constipation research abs || Laxative research abs || hair research abs || hair related research references






Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. 1979;174:1-107.
Bioassay of p-Phenylenediamine Dihydrochloride for Possible Carcinogenicity (CAS No. 624-18-0).

National Toxicology Program.

p-Phenylenediamine dihydrochloride, a hydrochloride salt of p-phenylenediamine, the major component of many oxidation hair dyes, was selected for bioassay by the National Cancer Institute because of the increased incidence of bladder cancer reported among dye manufacturing industry workers. Aromatic amines are one of several classes of chemicals thought to contribute to this increased cancer risk. The widespread exposure to p-phenylenediamine among the general population and the increased cancer risk among hairdressers were additional factors in the selection of p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride for testing. A bioassay of p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride for possible carcinogenicity was conducted using Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. p-Phenylenediamine dihydrochloride was administered in the feed, at either of two concentrations, to groups of 50 male and 50 female animals of each species. The high and low concentrations of p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride were, respectively, 1,250 and 625 ppm for both rats and mice. After a 103-week period of compound administration, there were additional observation periods of 2 weeks for rats and 1 week for mice. Twenty animals of each sex and species were placed on test as controls. There were no significant positive associations between the concentrations of p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride administered and mortality in rats or mice of either sex. Adequate numbers of animals in all groups survived sufficiently long to be at risk from late developing tumors. Slight dose-related mean body weight depression was observed in female rats and the mean body weights among high dose male rats and dosed female mice were slightly depressed in relation to their respective controls, indicating that the concentrations of p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride administered to these animals in this bioassay may have approximated the maximum tolerated concentrations. Since no distinct mean body weight depression relative to controls, no significant accelerated mortality, and no other signs of toxicity were associated with administration of p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride to male mice, it is possible that these animals may have been able to tolerate a higher dietary concentration. None of the statistical tests for any site in rats or mice of either sex, including time to leukemia or malignant lymphoma analysis in female mice, indicated a significant positive association between compound administration and tumor incidence. Under the conditions of this bioassay, there was no convincing evidence that dietary administration of p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride was carcinogenic in Fischer 344 rats or B6C3F1 mice. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Negative Female Rats: Negative Male Mice: Negative Female Mice: Negative Synonyms: 1,4-benzenediamine dihydrochloride; p-PDA HCl; p-OD HCl; p-phenylenediamine di-HCl; Durafur Black RC; Fourrine DS; Fourrine 64; Pelagol Grey CD; C.I. Oxidation Base 10A


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12799689&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]



J Clin Invest. 2002 Sep;110(5):615-24.
Androgen receptor-mediated inhibition of cutaneous wound healing.

Ashcroft GS, Mills SJ.

Cells, Immunology and Development, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. gillian.s.ashcrofan.ac.uk

Impaired wound healing states in the elderly lead to substantial morbidity, mortality, and a cost to the US Health Services of over $9 billion per annum. In addition to intrinsic aging per se causing delayed healing, studies have suggested marked sex-differences in wound repair. We report that castration of male mice results in a striking acceleration of local cutaneous wound healing, and is associated with a reduced inflammatory response and increased hair growth. Using a hairless mouse model, we have demonstrated that testosterone reduction stimulates the healing response not through hair follicle epithelial/mesenchymal cell proliferation, but directly via effects on wound cell populations. We suggest that endogenous testosterone inhibits the cutaneous wound healing response in males and is associated with an enhanced inflammatory response. The mechanisms underlying the observed effects involve a direct upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression by macrophages in response to testosterone. Blockade of androgen action systemically, via receptor antagonism, accelerates healing significantly, suggesting a specific target for future therapeutic intervention in impaired wound healing states in elderly males.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12208862&dopt=Abstract



Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2000 Dec;127(12):1083-6.
[Contact dermatitis caused by labile henna skin tattoo]

[Article in French]

Raison-Peyron N, Meunier L, Vian L, Meynadier J.

Service de Dermatologie, Allergologie et Photobiologie, Hopital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier.

BACKGROUND: Contact dermatitis to henna are rarely reported. Most of the time, they are related to additives, especially scented oils or paraphenylene diamine. This latter substance is added to shorten the time of application and to enhance the darkness of the color. We report one case of an allergic contact dermatitis to henna skin tattoo, probably related to a paraphenylene diamine derivative. CASE REPORT: A 25-year-old woman developed an allergic contact dermatitis at the site of application of two henna skin tattoos on her right arm. She never dyed her hair and wore dark clothing without problems. Epicutaneous tests were positive for henna paste, paraphenylene diamine, N-isopropyl-N'phenylparaphenylene diamine and five chemical dyes, probably related to cross- reactions between paraphenylene diamine and these dyes. Epicutaneous test with henna powder was negative, confirming the absence of allergy to henna. Fluorescence analysis detected the presence of a primary amine in henna paste but high performance liquid chromatography analysis did not reveal the presence of paraphenylene diamine or any suspect dye. An another allergen, related compound of paraphenylene diamine, was probably present but we failed to identify it with precision. DISCUSSION: Labile henna skin tattoos are in fashion at the moment in western European countries. They can be a secrete source of paraphenylene diamine, or one of its related compounds, sensitization.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11173685&dopt=Abstract



Acad Emerg Med. 2000 Oct;7(10):1083-8.
Development of a histomorphologic scale to quantify cutaneous scars after burns.

Singer AJ, Thode HC Jr, McClain SA.

Departments of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA. asingepo.som.sunysb.edu

OBJECTIVE: Cutaneous wound healing in adults invariably results in scarring; however, there are few scales to quantify the degree of such scarring. The authors developed a histomorphologic scale for quantifying scarring after cutaneous burn injury. METHODS: As part of a randomized trial comparing a variety of burn therapies, 40 partial-thickness burns were created on the backs and flanks of anesthetized pigs and treated with a tissue adhesive, antibiotic ointment, occlusive dressing, or dry gauze. Gross scar appearance was independently assessed by two investigators at 90 days on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) marked "best appearance" at the high end. One of the investigators repeated the observation 30 days later. Full-thickness biopsies were taken 90 days after injury and evaluated histologically by a dermatopathologist for the presence of hyperkeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia, presence and depth of scar (defined as abnormally oriented collagen under polarized light), fibroplasia, vascular proliferation, and absence of adnexa, including hair follicles, apocrine glands, and smooth muscles. One point was assigned for each category in the presence of a normal finding, whereas an abnormal finding was assigned a score of zero. The normal dermis (absence of abnormal collagen) was given a score of 3, while decreasing scores of 2 to 0 were given for progressively deeper scars (i.e., 2 for papillary dermis, 1 for upper half of reticular dermis, and 0 for deep dermal lower half). The total histomorphologic score was derived by adding the scores on the individual items. The score ranges from 0 to 10 from worst scarring to absence of scarring, respectively. A subset of observations was evaluated a second time by one of the observers one month later. Intraobserver reliability of the histomorphologic scale was assessed with Spearman's correlation. Inter- and intraobserver Pearson's correlations for the gross scar VAS were calculated, and the correlation between gross and histomorphologic scores was assessed. RESULTS: Intraobserver correlation for individual histomorphologic categories ranged from 0.19 to 1.00. Intraobserver correlation for the total histologic score was 0.95. Inter- and intraobserver correlations for the gross scar VAS were 0.8 each. Correlation between the histomorphologic scale and the gross scar VAS was 0.38. CONCLUSIONS: A new reliable histomorphologic method for quantifying and scoring cutaneous scars is described together with a reliable scar VAS. However, these two scales are not highly correlated.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11015238&dopt=Abstract








Due to the complexity , the biological process of hair growth is still a work in progress. Nonetheless, several therapeutic methods including prescription medications, transplant surgery, nutritional suppelements, and even snake oils have been in use to help those who attempt to restore their hair. None of these approaches are perfect due to the heterogeneity in the causes that underlie hair loss. Unfortunately, most of these chemical drugs and hair transplantation operations are accompanied by undesirable side effects.














DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.






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