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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs || Constipation research abs || Laxative research abs || hair research abs || hair related research references

Laryngorhinootologie. 1998 Dec;77(12):689-94.
[Effect of the pulsed Er:YSGG and Ho:YAG laser on the organ of Corti of the guinea pig cochlear--a scanning electron microscopy study]

[Article in German]

Jamali Y, Jovanovic S, Schonfeld U, Anft D, Ertl T, Scherer H, Berghaus A, Muller G.

Hals-Nasen-Ohrenklinik mit Poliklinik im Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freien Universitat Berlin.

BACKGROUND: Recent experimental studies have demonstrated that, apart from the continuous wave lasers, several pulsed laser systems are also suitable for stapedotomy. The aim of this study was to clarify whether irradiation of the basal convolution of the guinea pig cochlea could cause morphological inner-ear changes using the Er:YSGG and Ho:YAG laser with laser parameters required for stapedotomy. METHODS: After opening the bulla, the basal convolution of the guinea pig cochlea, whose thickness is similar to that of the human stapes footplate, was irradiated with the Er:YSGG and Ho:YAG laser. The laser parameters used were those necessary for an adequate perforation of a human stapes footplate (500-600 microns). The cochleae were removed 90 minutes, 1 day, 2 weeks, or 4 weeks after laser application. The organ of Corti was examined by scanning electron microscopy in all convolutions. RESULTS: Application of Er:YSGG laser parameters effective for stapedotomy (5 pulses, energy: 85 J/pulse, energy density: 36 J/cm2, total energy: 0.425 J) had no adverse effects on the organ of Corti in the guinea pig cochlea. On the other hand, effective Ho:YAG laser parameters (10 pulses, energy: 210 J/pulse, energy density: 90 J/cm2, total energy: 2.1 J) caused damage to the outer hair cells with fusion of stereocilia and formation of giant cilia leading to partial or total cell loss. The inner hair cells and supporting cells were usually normal. CONCLUSION: Our results clearly demonstrate that the Er:YSGG laser has high application safety. It could prove to be a viable alternative to the thermically acting CO2 laser for stapedotomy. The Ho:YAG laser is not well tolerated in animals and has low application safety. Its use in stapedotomy would be unreliable and dangerous for the inner ear.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10036671&dopt=Abstract

Pigment Cell Res. 2002 Jun;15(3):225-32.
The usefulness of 4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine as a specific marker of pheomelanin.

Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Rees JL.

Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan. kwakujita-hu.ac.jp

Reductive hydrolysis of pheomelanin with hydriodic acid (HI) gives two aminohydroxyphenylalanine isomers, 4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine ('specific AHP') and 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylalanine (3-aminotyrosine, AT), which derive from the oxidative polymerization of 5-S-cysteinyldopa, and 2-S-cysteinyldopa, respectively. Since we first introduced this analytical method, the combined amount of AHP and AT ('total AHP') has been extensively used as a marker of pheomelanin. However, one problem with using total AHP as a marker is that background levels originate from precursors other than pheomelanin. Considerable and variable amounts of background AT are produced from other sources, most likely nitrotyrosine residues in proteins. In order to overcome this problem, we developed HPLC conditions which enable the direct injection of the HI reduction products into the HPLC system allowing good separation of AHP and AT. In this way we could study the importance of both degradation products separately and their specificity as markers for pheomelanin. The usefulness of the present method is validated using human hair samples of various colours which were divided into dark, fair or red colours. The combined amount of specific AHP and AT shows an excellent correlation with total AHP, and the amount of specific AHP also correlates with the amount of total AHP. We also examined total AHP and specific AHP values against pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) values in the human hair samples. These results show that specific AHP measurement gives a more prominent segregation for the ratio of specific AHP to PTCA among hairs of various colours than the ratio of total AHP to PTCA. Thus, we conclude that 'specific AHP' is a more specific marker of pheomelanin than is 'total AHP'.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12028587&dopt=Abstract

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 May 1;53(1):43-51.
Stereotactically guided conformal radiotherapy for progressive low-grade gliomas of childhood.

Saran FH, Baumert BG, Khoo VS, Adams EJ, Garre ML, Warrington AP, Brada M.

Neuro-oncology Unit and Academic Unit of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK. Frank.Saramh.nthames.nhs.uk

PURPOSE: To describe the rationale, technique, and early results of stereotactically guided conformal radiotherapy (SCRT) in the treatment of progressive or inoperable low-grade gliomas (LGGs) of childhood. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between September 1994 and May 1999, 14 children (median age 6 years, range 5-16) with LGG were treated with SCRT at the Royal Marsden NHS Trust. Tumors were located at the optic chiasm (n = 9), third ventricle (n = 2), hypothalamus, craniocervical junction, and pineal region (each n = 1). Four patients received chemotherapy before SCRT. Immobilization was in a Gill-Thomas-Cosman frame (n = 12) and subsequently in a specially designed pediatric version of the frame (n = 2). Stereotactic coordinates and the tumor were defined by CT scanning with a fiducial system and MRI fusion. The median tumor volume was 19.5 cm(3) (range 7.5-180). The planning target volume was defined as the area of enhancing tumor plus a 5-10-mm margin. The treatment technique consisted of 4 isocentric, noncoplanar, conformal, fixed fields. Treatment was delivered in 30-33 daily fractions to a total dose of 50-55 Gy. RESULTS: SCRT was well tolerated, with transient hair loss the only acute toxicity. The median follow-up was 33 months (range 2-53). At 6 months after SCRT, 4 of 12 children with neurologic deficits improved and 5 remained stable. Twelve children were available for MRI evaluation. Two had a complete response, 6 a partial response, and 4 stable disease. One child with optic chiasm glioma had local progression at 25 months, and 1 developed diffuse leptomeningeal disease without local progression at 27 months. The 3-year local progression-free survival and overall survival rate after SCRT was 87% and 100%, respectively, compared with 89% and 98% for an historic control treated with conventional RT. New endocrine deficiencies were noted in 2 children after a follow-up of 20 and 23 months. CONCLUSION: SCRT is a feasible, high-precision technique of RT for children with LGGs for whom RT is considered appropriate. The local control and acute toxicity of SCRT are comparable to a historic control of patients with conventionally delivered RT. The frequency of delayed hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction reflects tumor location adjacent to the hypothalamus and pituitary. Additional follow-up is required to demonstrate that SCRT contributes to a reduction in treatment-related late toxicity, while maintaining the local control achieved with conventionally delivered RT in children with progressive LGGs.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12007940&dopt=Abstract

Hear Res. 2000 Nov;149(1-2):239-47.
Vulnerability to noise-induced hearing loss in 'middle-aged' and young adult mice: a dose-response approach in CBA, C57BL, and BALB inbred strains.

Ohlemiller KK, Wright JS, Heidbreder AF.

Fay and Carl Simons Center for the Biology of Hearing and Deafness, Central Institute for the Deaf, 818 S. Euclid Av., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. kohlemilleid.wustl.edu

Vulnerability of the cochlea to noise-induced permanent threshold shifts (NIPTS) was examined in young adult (1-2 months) and 'middle-aged' (5-7 months) CBA/CaJ, C57BL/6J, and BALB/cJ inbred mice. For each age and strain, a dose-response paradigm was applied, whereby groups of up to 12 animals were exposed to intense broadband noise (110 dB SPL) for varying durations. Exposure durations reliably associated with <10% and >90% probability of a criterion amount of NIPTS (determined 2 weeks post-exposure) were identified, and the minimum NIPTS exposure and the slope of the dose-response relation were then derived by numerical modeling. For all three strains, young adult mice were more susceptible to NIPTS than older adults; That is, a shorter exposure was able to cause NIPTS in the younger mice. Strain comparisons revealed that C57 mice were more susceptible than CBAs in the older age group only. At both ages examined, however, BALB mice were most susceptible to NIPTS. When animals with a similar amount of NIPTS were compared, outer hair cell loss in the cochlear base was more widespread in the younger animals. BALB mice appear particularly susceptible to noise-induced outer hair cell loss throughout life. Our data suggest that the mechanism or site of noise injury differs between young adults and older adults, and may depend on genetic background. The finding that both BALB and C57 mice, which show pronounced age-related hearing loss, are also especially vulnerable to noise supports the notion that genes associated with age-related hearing loss often act by rendering the cochlea susceptible to insults.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11033262&dopt=Abstract

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