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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs || Constipation research abs || Laxative research abs || hair research abs || hair related research references

Neurosci Lett. 1999 Feb 19;261(3):151-4.
Peripheral projections of primary sensory neurons immunoreactive for brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Zhou XF.

Department of Human Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. pzxfc.flinders.edu.au

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is synthesized in a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons and transported anterogradely to the spinal cord and peripheral targets. In the present study, the peripheral projection of sensory neurons immunoreactive (-ir) for BDNF was examined by a combined method of immunohistochemistry and retrograde tracing in rats. It was found that 36.3% of sensory neurons projecting to subcutaneous tissues, 9.8% to epidermis and 8.3% to muscle, contained BDNF immunoreactivity. In contrast, only 0.2% of sensory neurons projecting to adrenal gland and 0.9% to coeliac ganglia contained BDNF. A small proportion of sensory neurons projecting to muscles, mesenteric blood vessels and hair follicles was also BDNF immunoreactive. These results provide evidence that primary sensory neurons immunoreactive for BDNF project mainly to subcutaneous tissues but not to autonomic ganglia and their adjacent viscera.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10081971&dopt=Abstract

Food Chem Toxicol. 1999 Feb-Mar;37(2-3):169-75.
Depigmentation with tert-butyl hydroquinone using black guinea pigs.

Patrick E, Juberg DR, O'Donoghue J, Maibach HI.

Department of Dermatology, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco 94143, USA.

tert-Butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) has important and functional uses in consumer and commercial applications, some of which involve human exposure primarily through dermal contact. To assist in the safety evaluation of TBHQ, this study was conducted to determine whether TBHQ would produce changes in skin pigmentation after repeated dermal application to black guinea pigs. Hydroquinone (HQ) and hydroquinone monomethyl ether (HQMME) were used as positive controls. TBHQ and HQ were tested at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0%, while HQMME was tested at a concentration of 10.0%. Groups of five males and five females were dosed with TBHQ, HQ, or the vehicle (hydrophilic ointment) daily (M-F) for 13 weeks. In addition, animals (five males, five females) treated with HQMME received 13 doses over a 3-week period. The application site was evaluated weekly for degree of pigmentation loss and irritation. Twenty-four hours after final application, sites were evaluated for depigmentation, irritation and hyperpigmentation. Subsequently, the application site was depilated and re-evaluated for the same endpoints. Repetitive exposure to concentrations of 1.0% and 5.0% TBHQ and HQ were slightly to moderately irritating, while 0.1% of each of these test materials produced only weak irritant responses. No irritant responses to hydrophilic ointment were observed and HQMME produced weak irritant responses after 2 weeks. Neither 0.1% TBHQ nor HQ produced depigmentation, while 20% of animals dosed with 1.0% TBHQ and 30% of animals dosed with 1.0% HQ had spotty or uniform loss of pigment at the site of treatment. Approximately 40% of animals dosed with 5% TBHQ or HQ were depigmented at the treatment site at the final evaluation. HQMME produced complete depigmentation of the skin and hair in all animals. Hyperpigmentation of the treatment site was observed in 80-100% of animals in all groups (with the exception of HQMME-treated animals, treated for only 3 weeks), which may be attributable to the use of hydrophilic ointment as the vehicle, the application procedure, or simply clipping hair from the skin. Thus, this study showed that TBHQ causes depigmentation in black guinea pigs at concentrations of 1% or greater, but that a no-effect threshold for this endpoint exists at a concentration between 0.1 and 1.0%.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10227740&dopt=Abstract

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Nov;41(12):3936-42.
Age-related retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane degeneration in senescence-accelerated mouse.

Majji AB, Cao J, Chang KY, Hayashi A, Aggarwal S, Grebe RR, De Juan E Jr.

Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

PURPOSE: To investigate age-related changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch's membrane, and choriocapillaris in the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM). METHODS: The external and eyecup features and light and electron microscopic findings were examined in three male and two female mice of a senescence-prone mouse strain (SAM P(8)) monthly for 12 months. These results were compared with those in age-matched mice of similar background but senescence resistant (SAM R(1)). Choroidal vascular casts were prepared at 12 months in seven mice each of the SAM P(8) and SAM R(1) strains. Quantitative analysis of area of choriocapillaris was performed by automated image analysis, and the results were analyzed by paired Student's t-test. RESULTS: We found in the SAM P(8) strain that hair loss, coarseness of hair texture, and ulceration of skin appeared and increased as the age advanced (at approximately 5-9 months). Eyecup examination showed no differences. Light and electron microscopy revealed progressively more prominent abnormalities in the RPE and Bruch's membrane mice older than 10 months. Two of the five SAM P(8) mice older than 11 months showed what appeared to be intra-Bruch's membrane choroidal neovascularization. The RPE and Bruch's membrane appeared normal in the SAM R(1) strain. In the SAM P(8), vascular casts of the choriocapillaris showed a mild but significant decrease in vascular area when compared with the SAM R(1) strain at 12 months (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Senescence accelerated mice develop progressive age-related changes in the RPE-Bruch's-choriocapillaris complex that have features that may be relevant in the study of age-related macular changes in humans.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11053297&dopt=Abstract

Farmaco. 2000 Aug;55(8):521-5.
Tryptophan in human hair: correlation with pigmentation.

Bertazzo A, Biasiolo M, Costa CV, Cardin de Stefani E, Allegri G.

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, and Centro di Studio sulla Chimica del Farmaco e dei Prodotti Biologicamente Attivi, CNR, Padua, Italy.

The distribution of tryptophan content in human hair of various colours was evaluated, in order to study the accumulation of this amino acid, precursor of serotonin, melatonin and niacin, in hair and the influence on hair pigmentation. Pigmentation is an important factor in determining drug incorporation into hair. Results from 1211 samples of hair from healthy subjects (577 men and 634 women) show that tryptophan levels are significantly higher in males (37.83 +/- 3.45 microg/g dry hair) than in females (26.62 +/- 2.40 microg/g hair). Besides sex, age also influences the distribution of tryptophan in human hair, the highest levels being found in both sexes in the first few years of life, probably due to the influence of milk, and in aging subjects in the groups of 61-80 and > 80 years. In order to investigate the influence of hair colour, hair samples were subdivided according to colour into blond, dark blond, red, light brown, brown, black, grey and white. The hair contents of tryptophan in both sexes was higher in brown and black hair than in blond hair, but in grey and white hair concentrations were the highest, demonstrating that tryptophan accumulates among hair fibres with age. Grouping subjects by age in relation to hair colour, we observed that at ages 1-5 and 6-12 years, colour did not influence tryptophan contents, but at ages 13-19 and 20-40 years tryptophan content increased significantly from blond to brown at 13-19 years and from blond to black at 20-40 years in both sexes. Therefore, variations in tryptophan levels of human hair appear to be correlated with differences in hair colour in both sexes. Tryptophan also accumulates in hair during keratinization, as shown by the presence of high levels of this amino acid in grey and white hair.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11132729&dopt=Abstract

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

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