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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs || Constipation research abs || Laxative research abs || hair research abs || hair related research references

Life Sci. 1999;64(9):805-11.
Detection of fluoxetine in brain, blood, liver and hair of rats using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Lefebvre M, Marchand M, Horowitz JM, Torres G.

Centre de Toxicologie du Quebec, Ste-Foy, Canada.

This study reports the measurements of fluoxetine in discrete brain regions, blood, liver and hair of male rats injected with 10 mg/kg fluoxetine HCl for 15 consecutive days. Concentrations of the antidepressant were obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methodology. In brain, fluoxetine levels were unevenly distributed, with the raphe nucleus containing the highest amounts relative to the hypothalamus or striatum. Fluoxetine was also measured in blood and liver roughly paralleling those ratios described in previous rodent studies. Of potential interest, fluoxetine was found to accumulate in rat hair after chronic treatment. Detection of fluoxetine in hair by GC-MS could be used as a marker for probative analyses.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10075113&dopt=Abstract

Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Jan;17(1):83-92.
Glutamate transporters in the guinea-pig cochlea: partial mRNA sequences, cellular expression and functional implications.

Rebillard G, Ruel J, Nouvian R, Saleh H, Pujol R, Dehnes Y, Raymond J, Puel JL, Devau G.

Inserm U 254, Universite Montpellier I, Neurobiologie de l'audition - Plasticite synaptique, 71, rue de Navacelles 34090 Montpellier, France.

In the cochlea, glutamate plays a major role in synaptic transmission between the inner hair cell and the primary auditory neurons. Extracellular glutamate concentration must be regulated to prevent excitotoxicity. This regulation is mediated by excitatory amino acid transporters, membrane proteins that remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft. In this study, we investigated the distribution and activity of three excitatory amino acid transporters subtypes in the guinea-pig cochlea: glutamate aspartate transporter, glutamate transporter and excitatory amino acid carrier. A partial messenger ribonucleic acid sequence was determined for each of these transporters, by polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers, using guinea-pig brain complementary deoxyribonucleic acid as the template. Primers specific for each transporter were then designed and used to screen a dissected organ of Corti complementary deoxyribonucleic acid library. The cellular distribution of each transporter was examined by immunocytochemistry. We investigated the functional consequences of inhibiting glutamate uptake by recording cochlear potentials during intracochlear perfusion with either l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid or dihydrokainate. At the end of the electrophysiological session, cochleas were processed for electron microscopy. Only the glutamate aspartate transporter messenger ribonucleic acid was detected in the organ of Corti. Consistently, glutamate aspartate transporter protein was detected in the inner hair cell-supporting cells and in the ganglion of Corti satellite cells. Glutamate transporter and excitatory amino acid carrier were found in the afferent auditory neurons. Only intracochlear perfusions with l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the amplitude of the cochlear compound action potential, leaving cochlear microphonic potential unaffected. After l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid perfusion, cochleas displayed a swelling of the afferent endings typical of excitotoxicity. [(-)1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-4,5-dihydro-3-methylcarbamyl-2,3-benzodiazepine], a selective alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor antagonist protects the cochlea against l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid effect.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12534971&dopt=Abstract

Biomed Chromatogr. 2002 Sep;16(6):390-4.
Analysis of reaction products of cocaine and hydrogen peroxide by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Tanaka S, Iio R, Chinaka S, Takayama N, Hayakawa K.

Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, 2-1-1 Hirosaka, Kanazawa 920-8553, Japan.

The change of chemical structure of cocaine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, a main component of hair dye and decolorant treatments, was studied. High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was used for the separation and identification of cocaine derivatives. After a mixture of cocaine and hydrogen peroxide solutions was incubated at 39 degrees C (this temperature is commonly used when the hair is treated with hair dye or decolorant) for 24 h, six reaction products were detected by LC/MS. Two of them were ecgonine methyl ester and benzoylecgonine, which are metabolites of cocaine. The other reaction products were assumed to be ortho-, meta- and para-hydroxycocaines and dihydroxycocaine, in each of which the benzene ring was hydroxylated by the reaction. These five reaction products (except for dihydroxycocaine) were found immediately after mixing cocaine and hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, the above reaction products might be present in the hair of cocaine users that had treated their hair with hair dye or decolorant. 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12228895&dopt=Abstract

Psychiatr Serv. 2003 Jun;54(6):891-5.
Detection of illicit substance use among persons with schizophrenia by radioimmunoassay of hair.

Swartz MS, Swanson JW, Hannon MJ.

Department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA. marvin.swartuke.edu

OBJECTIVE: Illicit substance use is a potent risk factor for poor outcomes in schizophrenia, yet methods for detecting substance use consistently underestimate the problem. The purpose of this study was to assess whether use of a relatively new method of detection, radioimmunoassay of hair, improved detection and was acceptable to patients with serious mental illness. METHOD:S: Persons already participating in a longitudinal naturalistic study of schizophrenia treatment were approached for participation in this study. The 203 persons who consented were interviewed and submitted urine and hair samples for laboratory measures of potential substances of abuse. Radioimmunoassay of hair was used to detect the use of amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and phencyclidine (PCP) in the preceding three months. RESULTS: Of the 203 participants, only 33 (16.3 percent) self-reported illicit substance use, and only 25 (12.4 percent) had a positive urine test, but 63 (31.0 percent) had a positive hair assay. When all detection methods were combined--self-report, urine test, and hair assay--78 participants (38.4 percent) were classified as users in the preceding three months. Few of those asked to participate (20, or 9.9 percent) refused hair analysis. CONCLUSION:S: Radioimmunoassay of hair appears to be a promising method for improving assessment of illicit substance use among persons with schizophrenia. Most participants appeared to find hair analysis an acceptable procedure, although this conclusion warrants further study. The test's three-month window of detection may make it a valuable method for assessing and monitoring use over time.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12773606&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

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