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hair related research references
Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed. 1998 Feb;201(1):103-20.
[Influence of exposure to mercury, arsenic and antimony on body burden--a biomonitoring study]
[Article in German]
Gebel T, Behmke C, Dunkelberg H.
Abteilung fur Allgemeine Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Zentrum Umwelt- und Arbeitsmedizin, Universitat Gottingen.
Part of the northern Palatinate region in Germany is characterized by elevated levels of mercury, arsenic and antimony in the soil due to the presence of ore sources and former mercury mining activities. Today, the region is characterized by housing and agriculture. In a biomonitoring study, 218 residents (age 1-89 years) were investigated for a putatively increased absorption of these elements from the environment. 76 non-exposed subjects (age 2-84 years) of a region in south lower Saxony (Germany) were chosen as a reference group. Urine and scalp hair samples were obtained as surrogates to determine the internal exposures to mercury, arsenic and antimony. In the northern Palatinate subjects slightly, yet presumably not hazardous, elevated arsenic contents in urine and scalp hair could be correlated to an increased arsenic content in the soil. On the other hand, the results did not show a correlation between the mercury and antimony contents in the soil of the housing area and those in urine and hair. Urinary mercury contents were correlated with the total amalgam area in both study groups. Mercury contents in scalp hair and arsenic contents in urine were correlated with the consumption of seafood. Surprisingly, the geogenically non-exposed reference subjects showed significantly higher internal exposures to arsenic and antimony in urine and scalp hair. However, data of both groups correspond to normal range reference data described by others.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10189200&dopt=Abstract
Histochem J. 1998 Jul;30(7):461-5.
Thrombospondin 1 is expressed by mesenchymal cells in mouse post-natal skin and hair follicle development.
Pablos JL, Everett ET, Leroy EC, Norris JS.
Servicio de Reumatologia, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
Thrombospondin 1 is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein with multiple functions. In the skin, it has been immunolocalized to basement membrane, and its expression increases during embryogenesis and wound healing. Its normal cellular source in the skin is not known, except during wound healing, where macrophages and keratinocytes seem to be the primary source. We have analysed the expression of thrombospondin 1 mRNA in normal mouse skin at different ages by in situ hybridization. It was found that the mRNA is expressed by dermal mesenchymal cells and mature fibroblasts and developmentally regulated during post-natal skin growth and morphogenesis. In adult mouse skin, expression of the thrombospondin is restricted to the mesenchymal cells of hair follicle papilla. These results suggest that the regulation of thrombospondin 1 transcription in mesenchymal cells can play an important role in post-natal skin development. Its mRNA expression is a characteristic of adult dermal papilla cells with a potential role in hair development.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10192528&dopt=Abstract
Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2000 Sep 22;267(1455):1915-23.
Gating energies and forces of the mammalian hair cell transducer channel and related hair bundle mechanics.
van Netten SM, Kros CJ.
Department of Neurobiophysics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. s.van.nettehys.rug.nl
We quantified the molecular energies and forces involved in opening and closing of mechanoelectrical transducer channels in hair cells using a novel generally applicable method. It relies on a thermodynamic description of the free energy of an ion channel in terms of its open probability. The molecular gating force per channel as reflected in hair bundle mechanics is shown to equal kT/I(X) x dI(X)/dX, where I is the transducer current and X the deflection of the hair bundle. We applied the method to previously measured I(X) curves in mouse outer hair cells (OHCs) and vestibular hair cells (VHCs). Contrary to current models of transduction, gating of the transducer channel was found to involve only a finite range of free energy (< 10 kT), a consequence of our observation that the channel has a finite minimum open probability of ca. 1% for inhibitory bundle deflections. The maximum gating forces per channel of both cell types were found to be comparable (ca. 300-500 fN). Because of differences in passive restoring forces, gating forces result in very limited mechanical nonlinearity in OHC bundles compared to that in VHC bundles. A kinetic model of channel activation is proposed that accounts for the observed transducer currents and gating forces. It also predicts adaptation-like effects and spontaneous bundle movements ensuing from changes in state energy gaps possibly related to interactions of the channel with calcium ions.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11052545&dopt=Abstract
J Anal Toxicol. 2003 Apr;27(3):149-55.
Ofloxacin as a reference marker in hair of various colors.
Wilkins DG, Mizuno A, Borges CR, Slawson MH, Rollins DE.
Center for Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Room 490 Biomedical Polymers Research Building, University of Utah, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
It has been proposed that administration of a reliable marker substance to human subjects may enhance the ability to identify drug use and treatment compliance in drug treatment programs. The goal of this study was to determine if an oral dose of the antibiotic ofloxacin (OFLX) could be used as a "marker" substance to establish reference points with respect to time in hair of various colors. Male and female subjects (n = 32) between 18 and 40 years of age received 800 mg of OFLX as a divided oral dose on a single day. Subjects were restricted from cutting their hair or performing chemical treatments. Hair was collected (by cutting) before, and at weeks 4, 5, 6, and 7 after drug administration. Subjects were classified as having black (n = 5), brown (n = 13), blonde (n = 8), or red (n = 6) hair. Hair was segmented into 3.0-cm segments prior to digestion, extraction, and analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). At 7 weeks, the mean OLFX concentrations (+/- 1 SD) in the first 3.0 cm of hair closest to the scalp were as follows: 30.6 +/- 8.5 ng/mg (black), 6.0 +/- 1.8 ng/mg (brown), 3.5 +/- 1.6 ng/mg (blonde), and 1.4 +/- 0.3 ng/mg (red). A similar pattern was found in hair collected at weeks 4-6. Quantitative eumelanin (EUM) hair concentrations for each subject were also determined for each subject via HPLC. A strong relationship between OFLX concentration at 7 weeks and EUM was noted (r2 adjusted = 0.728; p < 0.001). In six subjects, we also determined the intrasubject variability of OFLX incorporation into individual hair strands. Four strands from each subject were segmented into 2-mm segments and analyzed. OFLX appeared in segments #1-#10 at week 5 (the first centimeter of hair). OFLX appeared in segments #2-#20 at week 7 (the first and second centimeter of hair). The maximum OFLX concentration (the "band" of drug) and location was then determined for each strand. The maximum OFLX concentration was measured in segments #2-#5 at week 5 for all subjects (within the first centimeter of hair length). The maximum OFLX concentration was measured in segments #3-#8 at week 7 (within the first and second centimeter of hair). This was consistent with a growth rate of less than 1.0 cm/month, although considerable intersubject variability was found. No significant axial diffusion of OFLX along the hair shaft beyond the first 3.0 cm of hair was noted. Despite a strong effect of hair color, these data suggest that OFLX may be a suitable marker substance for hair, allowing a subject to serve as their own "control". Future studies will explore whether drug use, treatment compliance, or recidivism in clinical drug-abuse studies can be determined with the aid of OFLX.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12731656&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]
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